Phakathi kwemiba yamazwe ngamazwe echaphazela urhwebo lwamalaphu lwangaphandle lwaseTshayina, nangona iVietnam ingakhange ikhuphe uxinzelelo oluthe ngqo ngeerhafu ezingqongqo, uphando oluthe rhoqo lokulungisa urhwebo, okanye eminye imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo oluthe ngqo, ukwanda kwayo okukhawulezileyo kweshishini lempahla yamalaphu kunye nempahla kunye nokuma kwemarike ngokuchanekileyo kuyenze yaba ngumkhuphisana ongundoqo weTshayina kwimarike yamalaphu yehlabathi-ingakumbi imarike yaseMelika. Impembelelo engathanga ngqo yophuhliso lwamashishini kurhwebo lwangaphandle lwamalaphu eTshayina luqhubeleka ukuba nzulu.
Ngokwembono yeendlela zophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, ukunyuka kweshishini leengubo kunye neempahla zaseVietnam akuyongozi, kodwa "impumelelo esekwe kwimbumba" exhaswa ziinzuzo ezininzi. Kwelinye icala, iVietnam iqhayisa ngenzuzo yeendleko zabasebenzi: i-avareji yomvuzo wayo wokwenza i-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 ye-China kuphela, kwaye unikezelo lwabasebenzi bayo lwanele, lutsala inani elikhulu leemveliso zempahla zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabavelisi bekhontrakthi ukuba basebenzise amandla okuvelisa. Umzekelo, iibrendi zempahla ezaziwayo zehlabathi ezifana ne-Uniqlo kunye ne-ZARA zigqithisele ngaphezulu kwe-30% yee-odolo ze-OEM yempahla yazo kwiifektri zaseVietnam, ziqhubela amandla emveliso yempahla yaseVietnam ukuba yonyuke nge-12% unyaka nonyaka ngo-2024, ifikelele kwimveliso yonyaka yeebhiliyoni ezili-12. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iVietnam iye yakha inzuzo yokufikelela kwimarike ngokusayina ngokusebenzayo iSivumelwano soRhwebo lwaMahla (FTAs): iSivumelwano se-Vietnam-EU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) sele sisebenza iminyaka, sivumela i-Vietnamese impahla yempahla kunye nempahla yokunxiba ukuba yonwabele unyango olungenamsebenzi xa ithunyelwa kwi-EU; Isivumelwano sorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini ekufikelelwe kuso ne-US sikwabonelela ngeemeko zomrhumo ezikhetheke ngakumbi ukuba iimveliso zayo zingene kwimarike yaseMelika. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye zeemveliso zamalaphu zaseTshayina zisajongene neerhafu ezithile okanye imiqobo yobuchwephesha xa ithunyelwa kwi-EU nase-US Ukongeza, urhulumente waseVietnam uye wakhawulezisa ukuphuculwa koyilo olupheleleyo lwetsheyina lemizi-mveliso (egquma ukusonta, ukuluka, ukudaya, kunye nokuveliswa kwempahla) ngokuseka iipaki zemizi-mveliso yempahla kunye nokunika inkuthazo yerhafu (umz. ukukhululwa kunye nokunciphisa i-50% kwiminyaka eyi-9 elandelayo). Ngo-2024, inqanaba lenkxaso yasekhaya yorhwebo lwamalaphu eVietnam lonyuke lisuka kwi-45% ngo-2019 laya kutsho kuma-68%, linciphisa kakhulu ukuthembela kwalo kumalaphu angaphandle kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo, ukunciphisa imijikelo yemveliso, kunye nokuphucula isantya sokuphendula.
Le nzuzo yoshishino iguqulelwe ngokuthe ngqo kukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwisabelo semalike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokukodwa ngokuchasene nemeko engasemva yokungaqiniseki kwi-China-US urhwebelwano lwamalaphu, impembelelo yokutshintsha imarike yase-Vietnam e-China iye yavela ngakumbi. Idatha kwimpahla yase-US yokungeniswa kwempahla esuka ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMeyi ka-2025 ibonisa ukuba isabelo sase-China sempahla yase-US yempahla yempahla yehla ukuya kwi-17.2%, ngelixa i-Vietnam yadlula i-China okokuqala ngesabelo se-17.5%. Emva kwale datha kukho ukwehla kunye nokuhamba kokhuphiswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, iVietnam ibonise ukukhuphisana okuphawulekayo kwiinkalo zabasebenzi ezifana neengubo zomqhaphu kunye neengubo ezinithiweyo: kwimarike yase-US, ixabiso leyunithi ye-cotton T-shirts ethunyelwa ngaphandle yiVietnam yi-8% -12% ephantsi kuneemveliso ezifanayo zaseTshayina, kwaye umyinge wokuhanjiswa ufinyeziwe ngeentsuku ze-5-7. Oku kubangele abathengisi baseMelika abanje ngeWalmart kunye neThagethi ukuba batshintshe iiodolo ezininzi zesinxibo sesiseko esiseVietnam. Kwintsimi yempahla esebenzayo, iVietnam nayo ikhawulezisa ukubamba kwayo. Ngokwazisa imigca yemveliso ephucukileyo evela e-China nase-South Korea, umthamo wayo wokuthumela iimpahla zezemidlalo ugqithise kwi-8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ngo-2024, ukonyuka konyaka-nyaka nge-18%, kuphinda kuphambukise ii-odolo zempahla yezemidlalo ephakathi ukuya kweyokuqala eyayiyeyase China.
Kumashishini orhwebo olulaphu lwaseTshayina lwangaphandle, uxinzelelo lokhuphiswano oluvela eVietnam alubonakali nje kuphela ekucudiseni isabelo semalike kodwa lukwanyanzela amashishini aseTshayina ukuba akhawulezise inguqu yawo. Kwelinye icala, amanye amashishini amalaphu aseTshayina axhomekeke kwimakethi yase-US ephakathi ukuya kwesezantsi ajongene nengxaki yokulahleka komyalelo kunye nokuncipha kwengeniso. Amashishini amancinci naphakathi, ngokukodwa, aswele iinzuzo ze-brand kunye negunya leengxoxo, ezibeka kwindawo yokungenzi nto kukhuphiswano lwamaxabiso kunye namashishini aseVietnam. Kufuneka bagcine imisebenzi ngokunciphisa imida yenzuzo okanye ukulungelelanisa ukwakhiwa kwabathengi babo. Kwelinye icala, olu khuphiswano luqhubele phambili ukuphuculwa koshishino lwamalaphu lwaseTshayina ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye nophuhliso olwahlukileyo: inani elikhulayo lamashishini aseTshayina sele eqalisile ukwandisa utyalo-mali lweR&D kumalaphu aluhlaza (afana nepolyester ehlaziyiweyo kunye nomqhaphu ophilayo) kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo (ezifana namalaphu e-antibacterial kunye nelaphu elikrelekrele lokulawula ubushushu). Ngowama-2024, umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kweemveliso ezilukiweyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zase-China unyuke ngama-23% unyaka nonyaka, ugqitha iqondo lokukhula lilonke lokuthunyelwa kwempahla olulaphu kumazwe angaphandle. Kwangaxeshanye, amashishini aseTshayina nawo aqinisa ulwazi lwebrendi, ephucula ukuqondwa kweempawu zawo kwimarike yaseYurophu naseMelika ephakathi ukuya kwephezulu ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokusebenzisana nabaqulunqi baphesheya kweelwandle, ukuze balahle “ukuxhomekeka kwe-OEM” kunye nokunciphisa ukuthembela kwimarike enye kunye nokhuphiswano lwamaxabiso aphantsi.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukunyuka kweshishini lelaphu lase-Vietnam kuye kwaba yinto eguquguqukayo ebalulekileyo ekumiseni ngokutsha ipateni yemarike yelaphu yehlabathi. Ukhuphiswano lwayo kunye neTshayina ayisiyo "i-zero-sum game" kodwa amandla okuqhuba kumacala omabini ukuphumeza uphuhliso olwahlukileyo kumakhonkco ahlukeneyo ekhonkco leshishini. Ukuba amashishini amalaphu aseTshayina anokusebenzisa ithuba lokuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso kwaye akhe imiqobo emitsha ekhuphisanayo kwimimandla efana ne-R&D yetekhnoloji, ulwakhiwo lophawu, kunye nokuveliswa kohlaza, kusalindeleke ukuba badibanise iingenelo zabo kwimarike yamalaphu ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elifutshane, uxinzelelo lweVietnam olukhuphisanayo kwimarike ephakathi ukuya ephantsi iya kuqhubeka. Urhwebo lwamalaphu lwangaphandle lwaseTshayina lufuna ukwandisa ngakumbi ubume borhwebo, lwandise iimarike ezikhulayo ecaleni kwe “Belt and Road,” kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwentsebenziswano yekhonkco lezoshishino ukumelana nemingeni emitsha kukhuphiswano lwemalike yehlabathi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-15-2025