Pakati pezvinhu zvepasi rese zvine chekuita nekutengeserana kwekunze kweChina kunze kwenyika, kunyangwe Vietnam isina kudzvanyirira yakananga kuburikidza nemitero yakasimba, kuongororwa kazhinji kwekugadzirisa kutengeserana, kana mamwe marongero ekutengeserana, kukurumidza kukurumidza kweindasitiri yemachira nembatya uye kunyatsomira kwemusika kwaita kuti ive mukwikwidzi mukuru weChina mumusika wepasi rose wemicheka - kunyanya musika weUS. Kukanganisa kwazvinoita kwesimba rekusimudzira maindasitiri pane zvekutengesa kunze kweChina machira kune dzimwe nyika kuri kuramba kuchidzika.
Kubva pamaonero enzira dzekusimudzira maindasitiri, kusimuka kweindasitiri yezvemachira nembatya yeVietnam haisi tsaona, asi “masumbu-akavakirwa budiriro” inotsigirwa nezvakawanda zvakanaka. Kune rimwe divi, Vietnam inozvirumbidza nemubhadharo wevashandi: muhoro wepakati wekugadzira unongori 1/3 kusvika 1/2 yeChina, uye kuwanikwa kwayo kwevashandi kwakakwana, kukwezva huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzemachira epasi rese nevagadziri vekondirakiti kuti vatumire huwandu hwekugadzira. Semuyenzaniso, zvipfeko zvine mukurumbira pasi rose zvakaita seUniqlo neZARA zvakatamisa zvinopfuura makumi matatu muzana zvembatya dzavo OEM maodha kumafekitori eVietnam, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwembatya kweVietnam kuwedzere ne12% gore negore muna 2024, zvichisvika pagoho regore remabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri. Nekune rumwe rutivi, Vietnam yakavaka mabhenefiti ekuwana musika nekushingaira kusaina Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Vietnam-EU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) yave ichishanda kwemakore, ichibvumira Vietnamese machira uye zvipfeko zvembatya kunakidzwa nekurapa-pasina kurapwa kana ichiendeswa kune EU; chibvumirano chekutengeserana pakati penyika mbiri chakaitwa neUS chinopawo mamiriro emitero akasarudzika kuti zvigadzirwa zvayo zvipinde mumusika weUS. Kusiyana neizvi, zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa zvemachira zveChina zvichiri kutarisana nemimwe mitero kana zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi pazvinotengeswa kuEU neUS Pamusoro pezvo, hurumende yeVietnam yakamhanyisa kuvandudzwa kweiyo yakazara maindasitiri cheni (inovhara kuruka, kuruka, dhayi, uye kugadzira mbatya) nekutanga mapaki eindasitiri embatya nekupa mutero wekurudziro (semuenzaniso, mutero uchangoburwa unogona kunakidzwa nemutero wemakore mana. kuregererwa uye kuderedzwa kwe50% kwemakore anotevera 9). Pakazosvika 2024, mwero wepanzvimbo wekutsigira weVietnam machira maindasitiri cheni wakakwira kubva pa45% muna 2019 kusvika 68%, ichideredza zvakanyanya kuvimba kwayo nemachira ekunze kwenyika uye zvishongedzo, kupfupisa kutenderera kwekugadzira, uye kuwedzera kurongeka kwekupindura.
Iri mukana weindasitiri wakashandurwa zvakananga kuita kuwedzera nekukurumidza kwemugove wemusika wepasirese. Kunyanya pakatarisana nekusagadzikana kuri kuramba kuchiitika muChina-US kutengeserana machira, iyo musika inotsiva yeVietnam kuChina yave kuwedzera mukurumbira. Dhata pamusoro pembatya dzeUS kubva kunze kwenyika kubva muna Ndira kusvika Chivabvu 2025 dzinoratidza kuti chikamu cheChina chekunze kwembatya dzeUS chakaderera kusvika pa17.2%, nepo Vietnam yakapfuura China kekutanga nechikamu che17.5%. Kuseri kweiyi data kune kuderera uye kuyerera kwemakwikwi pakati penyika mbiri idzi muzvikamu zvakakamurwa. Kunyanya, Vietnam yakaratidza kukwikwidza kunoshamisa muminda inobata vashandi zvakanyanya sembatya dzedonje nembatya dzakarukwa: mumusika weUS, mutengo weyuniti yekotoni T-shirts inotengeswa kunze kwenyika neVietnam i8% -12% yakaderera pane yezvakafanana zvigadzirwa zveChinese, uye avhareji yekutakura inopfupikiswa nemazuva 5-7. Izvi zvakurudzira vatengesi veUS vakaita seWalmart neTarget kuti vachinje mamwe maodha ezvipfeko zvekutanga-maitiro kuenda kuVietnam. Mundima yezvipfeko zvinoshanda, Vietnam iri kuwedzerawo kubata kwayo. Nekuunza mitsara yemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira kubva kuChina neSouth Korea, vhoriyamu yezvipfeko zvemitambo zvekunze yakapfuura mabhiriyoni masere emadhora ekuAmerica muna 2024, kuwedzera kwegore negore ne18%, zvichienderera mberi nekutsaudzira mirairo yembatya yemitambo yepakati-kusvika-yepasi iyo yaimbova yeChina.
Kune maChinese machira ekunze mabhizinesi ekutengesa kunze kwenyika, kukwikwidza kubva kuVietnam hakungoratidzike mukudzvanywa kwemugove wemusika asiwo kunomanikidza mabhizinesi eChinese kuti akurumidze kushandura. Kune rimwe divi, mamwe maChinese mabhizinesi emachira anovimba neUS yepakati-kusvika-yekupedzisira musika akatarisana nedambudziko rekurasikirwa kweodha uye purofiti kudzikira. Mabhizinesi madiki uye epakati-saizi, kunyanya, anoshaya mabhenefiti emhando uye simba rekutaurirana, achiaisa munzvimbo yekungoita mumakwikwi emitengo nemabhizinesi eVietnamese. Ivo vanofanirwa kuchengetedza mashandiro nekudzikisa purofiti margins kana kugadzirisa chimiro chevatengi vavo. Nekune rimwe divi, makwikwi aya akafambisawo kukwidziridzwa kweindasitiri yemachira yeChina kusvika padanho repamusoro uye rakasiyana budiriro: nhamba iri kukura yemabhizinesi eChinese atanga kuwedzera mari yeR&D mumachira akasvibira (senge polyester yakadzokororwa uye organic donje) uye zvinoshanda (senge machira anorwisa mabhakitiriya uye machira akangwara ekudzora tembiricha). Muna 2024, huwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwezvigadzirwa zvemachira zveChina zvakadzokororwa zvakawedzera ne23% gore-pagore, zvichipfuura mwero wekukura kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhizinesi eChinese ari kusimbisawo ruzivo rwemhando, kuvandudza kucherechedzwa kwemhando yavo mumisika yeEuropean neAmerica yepakati-kusvika-yepamusoro-soro nekutora chikamu mukuratidzira kwepasirese uye nekushandira pamwe nevagadziri vekunze, kuti vabvise "kutsamira kweOEM" uye kuderedza kuvimba nemusika mumwe chete uye mutengo wakaderera makwikwi.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kusimuka kweindasitiri yezvemachira yeVietnam kwave shanduko yakakosha mukugadzirisa patani yemusika wepasi rose wemicheka. Makwikwi ayo neChina harisi "zero-sum game" asi simba rekufambisa remativi ese kuti riwane budiriro yakasiyaniswa muhukama hwakasiyana hwemaindasitiri. Kana maChinese mabhizinesi emachira achigona kutora mukana wekusimudzira maindasitiri uye kuvaka zvipingamupinyi zvitsva zvinokwikwidza munzvimbo dzakaita setekinoroji R&D, chivakwa chemhando, uye kugadzirwa kwegirinhi, vachiri kutarisirwa kubatanidza zvakanakira mumusika wepamusoro-soro. Nekudaro, munguva pfupi, kumanikidza kweVietnam kukwikwidza mumusika wepakati-kusvika-pasi-pasi kucharamba kuchienderera. Kutengeserana kunze kwenyika kweChina machira kunoda kukwidziridza chimiro chemusika, kuwedzera misika iri kusimukira pamwe ne "Belt uye Road," uye kuvandudza kushanda nesimba kweiyo indasitiri yemaindasitiri kutarisana nematambudziko matsva mumakwikwi emusika wepasi rose.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-15-2025