Mu bintu mpuzamahanga bigira ingaruka ku Bushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu mahanga, nubwo Vietnam itigeze igira igitutu gikomeye binyuze mu misoro ihamye, iperereza ry’imiti ikorwa mu bucuruzi, cyangwa izindi politiki z’ubucuruzi zitaziguye, kwaguka kwayo kwihuse mu nganda z’imyenda n’imyenda ndetse n’isoko rihagaze neza byatumye iba umunywanyi w’ibanze mu Bushinwa ku isoko ry’imyenda ku isi - cyane cyane ku isoko ry’Amerika. Ingaruka zitaziguye z’iterambere ry’inganda ku Bushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu mahanga bikomeje kwiyongera.
Urebye inzira ziterambere ryinganda, kuzamuka kwinganda z’imyenda n’imyenda ya Vietnam ntabwo ari impanuka, ahubwo ni "intambwe ishingiye ku ihuriro" ishyigikiwe nibyiza byinshi. Ku ruhande rumwe, Vietnam ifite inyungu z’umurimo: umushahara mpuzandengo w’inganda ni 1/3 kugeza 1/2 cy’Ubushinwa, kandi gutanga akazi birahagije, bikurura umubare munini w’ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga by’imyenda n’abakora amasezerano kugirango bakoreshe ubushobozi. Kurugero, ibirango byimyenda bizwi kwisi yose nka Uniqlo na ZARA bimuye hejuru ya 30% yimyenda yabo OEM ibicuruzwa byinganda za Vietnam, bituma ubushobozi bwimyenda yimyenda ya Vietnam bwiyongera 12% umwaka ushize mumwaka wa 2024, bigera kumwaka umusaruro wa miliyari 12. Ku rundi ruhande, Vietnam yubatse inyungu zo kugera ku isoko isinyana byimazeyo amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu (FTAs): Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi bwa Vietnam na EU (EVFTA) amaze imyaka myinshi akurikizwa, bituma ibicuruzwa by’imyenda n’imyenda bya Vietnam byinjira mu buntu bitishyurwa iyo byoherejwe mu bihugu by’Uburayi; amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byombi yagiranye na Amerika nayo atanga uburyo bwiza bw’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa byinjira ku isoko ry’Amerika. Ibinyuranye na byo, bimwe mu bicuruzwa by’imyenda by’Ubushinwa biracyafite imisoro cyangwa inzitizi za tekiniki iyo byoherejwe mu bihugu by’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi na Amerika Byongeye kandi, guverinoma ya Vietnam yihutishije kunoza imiterere y’inganda zuzuye (zirimo kuzenguruka, kuboha, gusiga amarangi, no gukora imyenda) hashyirwaho parike y’inganda kandi itanga imisoro ku nyungu z’imisoro ku myaka 4 kandi nyuma y’imisoro y’imisoro ku myaka 9). Kugeza mu 2024, igipimo cy’ingoboka cy’inganda z’inganda za Vietnam cyazamutse kiva kuri 45% muri 2019 kigera kuri 68%, bigabanya cyane gushingira ku myenda n’ibikoresho byatumijwe mu mahanga, bigabanya umuvuduko w’ibicuruzwa, kandi byongera umuvuduko wo gutumiza ibicuruzwa.
Iyi nyungu yinganda yahinduwe muburyo bwihuse bwiyongera kumigabane mpuzamahanga. By'umwihariko bitewe n’ikibazo kidashidikanywaho mu bucuruzi bw’imyenda mu Bushinwa na Amerika, ingaruka zo gusimbuza isoko Vietnam ya Vietnam ku Bushinwa yarushijeho kwigaragaza. Imibare y’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Amerika kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Gicurasi 2025 yerekana ko umugabane w’Ubushinwa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Amerika byagabanutse kugera kuri 17.2%, mu gihe Vietnam yarenze Ubushinwa ku nshuro ya mbere ifite 17.5%. Inyuma yaya makuru hari ibibi bigenda byiyongera hagati y’ibihugu byombi mu byiciro bitandukanye. By'umwihariko, Vietnam yerekanye ihiganwa ridasanzwe mu murima usaba akazi cyane nk'imyenda y'ipamba n'imyenda iboshywe: ku isoko ryo muri Amerika, igiciro cy’imyenda y'ipamba yoherezwa na Vietnam cyoherejwe na Vietnam kiri munsi ya 8% -12% ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bisa n’Ubushinwa, kandi impuzandengo yo gutanga igabanywa iminsi 5-7. Ibi byatumye abadandaza bo muri Amerika nka Walmart na Target bahindura ibicuruzwa byinshi byimyenda-shimikiro muri Vietnam. Mu rwego rwimyambarire ikora, Vietnam nayo yihutisha gufata. Mu kumenyekanisha imirongo igezweho ituruka mu Bushinwa no muri Koreya yepfo, ibicuruzwa byayo byoherezwa mu mahanga byarengeje miliyari 8 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2024, umwaka ushize wiyongeraho 18%, bikomeza gutandukanya imyenda y'imikino yo hagati yo hagati kugeza hasi cyane yari iy'Ubushinwa.
Ku bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga mu Bushinwa, igitutu cy’ipiganwa kiva muri Vietnam ntikigaragarira gusa mu kugabanya imigabane y’isoko ahubwo binasaba inganda z’Abashinwa kwihutisha impinduka. Ku ruhande rumwe, inganda zimwe z’imyenda y’Abashinwa zishingiye ku isoko ryo muri Amerika hagati kugeza ku rwego rwo hasi zirahura n’ikibazo cyo gutakaza ibicuruzwa no kugabanya inyungu. Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse, byumwihariko, ntibifite ibyiza byo kuranga no guhahirana, kubishyira mumwanya muto mumarushanwa yibiciro hamwe ninganda za Vietnam. Bagomba gukomeza ibikorwa bagabanya inyungu cyangwa guhindura imiterere yabakiriya. Ku rundi ruhande, iri rushanwa ryanateje imbere kuzamura inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zigana ku majyambere yo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi atandukanye: umubare munini w’inganda z’Abashinwa zatangiye kongera ishoramari R&D mu mwenda w’icyatsi (nka polyester itunganijwe neza n’ipamba kama) hamwe n’ibikoresho bikora (nk'imyenda ya antibacterial hamwe n’imyenda igenzura ubushyuhe). Mu 2024, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga by’Ubushinwa byongeye gukoreshwa byiyongereyeho 23% umwaka ushize, biruta umuvuduko rusange w’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri icyo gihe, inganda z’Abashinwa nazo zishimangira kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa, kunoza imenyekanisha ry’ibirango byabo ku masoko y’iburayi n’Abanyamerika hagati kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru bitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga no gufatanya n’abashoramari bo mu mahanga, kugira ngo bakureho “kwishingikiriza OEM” no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku isoko rimwe no guhatanira ibiciro biri hasi.
Mu gihe kirekire, izamuka ry’inganda z’imyenda ya Vietnam ryahindutse ihinduka rikomeye mu kuvugurura imiterere y’isoko ry’imyenda ku isi. Irushanwa ryayo n'Ubushinwa ntabwo ari "umukino wa zeru" ahubwo ni imbaraga zitera impande zombi kugera ku iterambere ritandukanye mu masano atandukanye y'inganda. Niba inganda z’imyenda y’Abashinwa zishobora gukoresha amahirwe yo kuzamura inganda no kubaka inzitizi nshya mu guhatanira amasoko nko mu ikoranabuhanga R&D, kubaka ibicuruzwa, n’inganda zikora icyatsi, baracyategerejweho gushimangira inyungu zabo ku isoko ry’imyenda yo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ariko, mugihe gito, Vietnam irushanwe kumarushanwa kumasoko yo hagati kugeza hasi-azakomeza. Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu mahanga bigomba kurushaho kunoza imiterere y’isoko, kwagura amasoko agaragara ku “Muhanda n’umuhanda,” no kunoza imikorere y’imikorere y’inganda kugira ngo bahangane n’ibibazo bishya mu marushanwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-15-2025