Ukukhishwa kwakamuva kwesiphakamiso esisha se-EU sokukhawulela izinto ze-per- kanye ne-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) ezindwangu kudonsele ukunaka okukhulu embonini yezindwangu yomhlaba wonke. Lesi siphakamiso asigcini ngokuqinisa kakhulu imikhawulo yensalela ye-PFAS kodwa futhi sandisa ububanzi bemikhiqizo elawulwayo. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthengisweni kwezindwangu zaseChina ku-EU. Njengomphakeli omkhulu wezindwangu e-EU, i-China ithumela ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.7 ngonyaka ku-EU. Izinkampani ezihlobene zidinga ukuhlela kusenesikhathi ukunciphisa ubungozi bohwebo.
I. Okuqukethwe Okubalulekile Kwesiphakamiso: Ukuqiniswa Kwemikhawulo “Efana Newa” kanye Nokwelulwa Okubanzi Kokuhlanganisa
Lesi siphakamiso esisha semikhawulo ye-EU PFAS sidlula ukulungiswa okulula kwamazinga; kunalokho, kumelela impumelelo kukho kokubili amandla okulawula kanye nobubanzi bokuhlanganisa, okwedlula ngokuphawulekayo imithetho yangaphambilini.
1. Umkhawulo wehlisiwe ukusuka ku-50ppm ukuya ku-1ppm, okwandisa ukuqina izikhathi ezingu-50.
I-PFAS, ngenxa yezindawo zayo ezikwazi ukumelana namanzi, uwoyela, kanye nezindawo ezimelana namabala, isetshenziswa kakhulu emigqeni efana nezingubo zangaphandle, izingubo zemidlalo, nezindwangu zasekhaya (njengomatilasi abangangeni manzi namakhethini angangeni amabala). Umkhawulo wangaphambilini we-EU we-PFAS ezindwangu ubungu-50ppm (izingxenye ezingama-50 ngesigidi), kodwa isiphakamiso esisha sehlisa umkhawulo ngokuqondile sibe ngu-1ppm, sidinga ngempumelelo ukuthi izinsalela ze-PFAS ezindwangu zigcinwe ezingeni “eliseduze noziro”.
Lokhu kulungiswa kubonisa ukukhathazeka kwe-EU mayelana nobungozi bemvelo nempilo ye-PFAS. I-PFAS, eyaziwa ngokuthi "amakhemikhali ahlala njalo," kunzima ukuwohloka endaweni yemvelo futhi ingaqongelela ochungechungeni lokudla, okungase kulimaze i-endocrine yomuntu kanye namasosha omzimba. I-EU ibilokhu iphromotha isu “lendawo engenayo i-PFAS” eminyakeni yamuva nje, futhi lokhu kuqiniswa komkhawulo wezindwangu kuwukuqaliswa okubalulekile kwaleli su emkhakheni wabathengi.
2. Ukumboza Zonke Izigaba, Ngokucishe Azikho Izindwangu Ezikhishiwe
Isiphakamiso esisha siphula ukulawulwa kwangaphambilini kwe-EU “okunqunyelwe isigaba” se-PFAS kwezindwangu, sandise ububanzi bokulawula ukusuka “kwezindwangu ezithile ezisebenzayo” kuya cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zendwangu:
Izingubo: okuhlanganisa okokugqoka kwangaphandle, ezemidlalo, okokugqoka kwezingane, okusemthethweni, izingubo zangaphansi, njll.;
Izindwangu Zasekhaya:ukumboza omatilasi, amashidi, amakhethini, okhaphethi, imicamelo, njll.;
Indwangu Yezimboni:njengamatende angangeni manzi, imithunzi yelanga, nezindwangu zokuvikela izifo.
Okuhlukile kuphela "izindwangu eziyisisekelo ezenziwe ngemicu yemvelo ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okusebenzayo" (njengendwangu ye-cotton greige engadayiwe, engagcotshiwe). Kodwa-ke, le mikhiqizo ibala ingxenye encane kakhulu yokuthunyelwa kwempahla e-EU, futhi ingxenye enkulu yezindwangu zaseShayina ezithunyelwa e-EU zizolawulwa.
3. Sula Umugqa Wesikhathi: Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuphawula komphakathi esiyizinsuku ezingama-60, ukulawulwa kungenzeka kuqale ukusebenza ngo-2026.
Lesi siphakamiso singene esikhathini sokuphawula komphakathi, esizohlala izinsuku ezingu-60 (kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa) futhi sihloselwe ngokuyinhloko ukuqoqa impendulo evela emazweni angamalungu e-EU, izinhlangano zezimboni, amabhizinisi, kanye nomphakathi. Uma sibheka ijubane lokusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo yezemvelo ye-EU esikhathini esidlule, iziphakamiso ezinjalo ngokuvamile azidingi ukulungiswa okukhulu ngemva kwesikhathi sokuphawula komphakathi. Inqubo yomthetho kulindeleke ukuthi iqedwe ekupheleni kuka-2025, futhi isetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni ngo-2026.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani zendwangu zaseShayina “zinesikhathi se-buffer” kuphela esicishe sibe unyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili, lapho kufanele ziphothule khona ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, zilungise amaketanga azo okuhlinzeka, futhi zithuthukise izinqubo zazo zokuhlola. Uma kungenjalo, bazifaka engcupheni yokuthi izimpahla zabo ziboshwe, zibuyiswe, noma zihlawuliswe amasiko e-EU.
II. Umthelela Oqondile Ekuhwebeni Kwezindwangu Zangaphandle ZaseChina: Imakethe Yokuthekelisa Eyizigidi Eziyizinkulungwane Eziyi-12.7 Ibhekene “nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana”
I-China ingumthombo omkhulu we-EU wokungenisa izindwangu kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2024, ukuthunyelwa kwendwangu yaseShayina ku-EU kwafinyelela ku-€12.7 billion (cishe amabhiliyoni angama-RMB angama-98), okuhlanganisa u-23% wesamba sempahla ye-EU ethengwayo. Lokhu kubandakanya izinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle ezingaphezu kuka-20,000, okuhlanganisa izifundazwe ezinkulu ezithumela izindwangu ezifana neZhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, kanye neFujian. Ukuqaliswa kwesiphakamiso esisha kuzoba nomthelela oqondile ezinkampanini zaseShayina mayelana nezindleko, ama-oda, namaketanga okuhlinzeka.
1. Ingcindezi yezindleko ekhuphuka kakhulu: Ukuguqulwa kwenqubo engena-Fluorine nokuhlola okukhethekile kokubili kuyabiza.
Ezinkampanini zaseShayina, ukuhlangabezana nomkhawulo we-1ppm kuhlanganisa izindleko ezimbili ezibalulekile:
Izindleko zokuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe: Izinqubo zendabuko eziqukethe i-fluorine (njengalezo ezisebenzisa izinto ezixosha amanzi ezine-fluorine) kufanele zishintshwe ngokuphelele kufakwe izinqubo ezingenayo i-fluorine. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthenga izinto ezixosha amanzi ezingena-fluorine, ukulungisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza (njengamazinga okushisa okubhaka nezindlela zokudaya), kanye nokuthuthukisa imishini. Isibonelo, enkampanini yendwangu yosayizi omaphakathi ethunyelwa minyaka yonke e-EU yezigidi ezingu-US$10, izindleko zokuthengwa kwezisiza ezingenazo i-fluorine zizodwa zizoba phezulu ngo-30% -50% kunezinsiza ezivamile, futhi izindleko zokuguqulwa kwemishini zilinganiselwa ukuthi zifinyelela kumayuan ayizigidi ezimbalwa.
Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokuhlola: I-EU idinga ukuthi izindwangu ziphumelele “ukuhlola okuqondene ne-PFAS” ngaphambi kokuthekelisa, futhi umbiko kufanele ukhishwe i-ejensi yokuhlola egunyazwe yi-EU evela eceleni. Njengamanje, izindleko zokuhlolwa kwe-PFAS okukodwa cishe kungama-€800-1,500 iqoqo ngalinye. Ngaphambilini, ngaphansi komkhawulo we-50ppm, izinkampani eziningi bezidinga kuphela ukuhlola amabala. Ngesiphakamiso esisha, ukuhlolwa kwe-batch-by-batch kuzodingeka. Enkampanini ethumela ngaphandle amaqoqo ayi-100 ngonyaka, izindleko zokuhlola zonyaka zizokhuphuka ngo-€80,000-150,000 (cishe i-RMB 620,000-1.17 million).
2. Ingozi Ye-oda Enyukile: Abathengi Be-EU Bangase Bashintshele Kubanikeli bokuhlola Ngaphambili
Imikhiqizo ye-EU (efana ne-ZARA, H&M, kanye ne-Uniqlo Europe) inezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuthotshelwa kwe-supply chain. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesiphakamiso esisha, abanye abathengi be-EU sebeqalile ukulungisa amasu abo okuthola imali:
Abahlinzeki baseShayina kudingeka ukuthi banikeze "isitifiketi senqubo ye-fluorine" kanye "nemibiko yokuhlola ye-PFAS" kusenesikhathi, ingabafaki ekuthengeni.
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngezingozi zokuthobela imithetho, ezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezincane neziphakathi zinciphise ukutholakala okuqondile okuvela e-China futhi sezishintshela kubahlinzeki be-EU noma emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (njengeVietnam ne-Bangladesh). Nakuba izinkampani zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nazo zibhekana nezingqinamba zobuchwepheshe, abathengi be-EU bakhetha “ukulawula kwendawo.”
Ezinkampanini zendwangu zaseShayina ezincane neziphakathi nendawo, ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhambisana ngokushesha kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwama-oda. Izinkampani ezinkulu, nakuba zikwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zokuhlela kabusha, kuzodingeka futhi ziphinde zixoxisane ngamanani nabathengi be-EU, zincinde imingcele yazo yenzuzo.
3. Ukwanda kwezingozi zokuhlolwa kwempahla edayiswayo: Izimpahla ezingahambisani nemithetho zizobhekana nokuboshwa nokubuyiselwa.
Amasiko e-EU azoba "umahluleli" wesiphakamiso esisha. Lapho sekuqaliwe, amasiko amazwe angamalungu e-EU azoqinisa amasampula e-PFAS nokuhlolwa kwezindwangu ezingenisiwe. Noma yikuphi okuqukethwe kwe-PFAS okudlula u-1 ppm kuzoholela ekuboshweni endaweni, futhi izinkampani kuzodingeka zinikeze imibiko yokuhlola eyengeziwe phakathi nesikhathi esibekiwe. Uma ukungahambisani kuqinisekiswa, izimpahla zizobuyiswa ngenkani, futhi inkampani ingase ifakwe “ohlwini lokuqapha olubalulekile” lwamasiko e-EU, okukhuphula izinga lokuhlolwa kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe libe ngaphezu kuka-50%.
Imithetho yezemvelo yangaphambilini ye-EU yezindwangu (efana ne-REACH kanye nemikhawulo yedayi ye-azo) isivele iholele ekutheni ezinye izinkampani zaseShayina zibhekane nokunqatshelwa ukuthunyelwa ngenxa yokungathobeli imithetho. Ngemikhawulo emisha, eqinile ye-PFAS, ubungozi bokwenqatshwa kulindeleke ukuthi bukhule kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles and Apparel, izinga lokubuyiswa kwezindwangu zaseShayina ku-EU ngenxa yezinkinga zokuthobela imvelo lizoba cishe ngu-1.2% ngo-2024. Leli zinga lingase lidlule u-3% ngemva kokuba isiphakamiso esisha siqale ukusebenza.
III. Indlela Yokuphendula Yezinkampani Zendwangu YamaShayina: Kusukela “Ekuthobeleni Okusebenzayo” kuye “Kuthuthukisiwe Okusebenzayo”
Njengoba zibhekene nezinselelo zesiphakamiso esisha se-EU, izinkampani zendwangu zaseShayina kumele ziwuyeke umqondo “wokusabela kwesikhashana” futhi esikhundleni salokho zakhe amandla okuthobela isikhathi eside kubo bonke ubuchwepheshe, uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kanye nobukhulu bezimakethe, ziguqule “izindleko zokuhambisana” zibe “izinzuzo ezincintisanayo.”
1. Ubuchwepheshe: Sheshisa ukushintshwa kwezinqubo ezingenayo i-fluorine ukuze kuthathwe indawo ephakeme “yobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza”.
Izinqubo ezingenayo i-fluorine zibalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nemikhawulo ye-EU. Izinkampani zingathuthukisa ukuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngezindlela ezimbili:
Beka kuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezingenaso i-fluorine ezifakazelwe: Imikhiqizo engenayo i-fluorine okwamanje iyatholakala emakethe engangena esikhundleni sezinto ezixosha amanzi ezine-fluorine, njengezinto ezixosha amanzi ezitshalweni kanye nezimbozwe ze-polyurethane emanzini. Nakuba le mikhiqizo ibiza kakhulu, ukuzinza kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe kufakazelwe (isibonelo, izinhlobo zezemidlalo ezifana ne-Anta ne-Li Ning sezivele zamukele izinqubo zokuxosha amanzi ezingenayo i-fluorine engutsheni yazo yangaphandle).
Hlanganyela nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obubiza kancane: Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi angasebenzisana namanyuvesi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lwemboni (njenge-China Textile Science Academy) ukwenza “ucwaningo lokunciphisa izindleko lwenqubo engenafluorine.” Isibonelo, ngokuthuthukisa izilinganiso ezingeziwe kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza, izindleko zeyunithi yezinqubo ezingenayo i-fluorine zingancishiswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zingahlola indlela “ye-fibre yemvelo + yokuthuthuka kokusebenza” — ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zemvelo zokulwa namagciwane kanye nokumunca umswakama wefilakisi nezintambo zoqalo ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezithasiselweni ezisebenzayo ze-PFAS. Lokhu, futhi, kudala indawo yokuthengisa yomkhiqizo “yemvelo + evumelana nemvelo” ukuthuthukisa ukukhanga komkhiqizo kubathengi be-EU.
2. I-Supply Chain: Misa "Ukulandelelwa Kwe-Full-Chain" kanye Nezinyathelo Zokuhlola Ngokuvala Ngokuzenzakalelayo
Ukuthobelana akuyona nje “uhlangothi lokukhiqiza”; kufanele isetshenziswe kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka:
I-Upstream Raw Material Control: Sayina “Izivumelwano Zokunikezela Zamahhala Ze-PFAS” nabahlinzeki bendwangu nabakhiqizi bezengezo, ezidinga izinkampani ezikhuphuka nomfula ukuthi zinikeze imibiko yokuhlola ye-PFAS yezinto zabo ezingavuthiwe ukuze kuqedwe ukungcoliswa emthonjeni;
Ukuqapha Inqubo Yokukhiqiza I-Midstream: Sungula “Amaphoyinti Okulawula we-PFAS” ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza, njengokuhlola njalo amazinga ayinsalela emathangeni okudaya nezinto zokumboza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa;
Ukuhlola Okungaphambi Komfula: Gwema ukuthembela "ekuhlolweni kwangemuva" ngamasiko e-EU. Esikhundleni salokho, thumela ama-ejensi okuhlola asekhaya, agunyazwe yi-EU (njenge-SGS China ne-Intertek China) ukuthi enze ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwe-PFAS ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zithunyelwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibiko ihambisana nezindinganiso ze-EU futhi kunciphisa ubungozi bokukhishwa kwempahla.
3. Imakethe: Hlanganisa futhi Ulwele “Inkokhelo Yokuthobelana”
Lapho zibhekene nengcindezi yokuthobela imithetho emakethe ye-EU, izinkampani zingasebenzisa isu elinezinhlangothi ezimbili:
Nweba izimakethe ezingezona eze-EU ukuze uhlukanise ubungozi: Khulisa imizamo yokuhlola izimakethe ezisafufusa njengeSoutheast Asia, Middle East, kanye neNingizimu Melika. Lezi zimakethe njengamanje zinemithethonqubo exegayo ku-PFAS (ngokwesibonelo, iBrazil ne-India azikakakhiphi imingcele ye-PFAS yezindwangu), engasebenza “njengomphelelisi” emakethe ye-EU;
Lwela ukuthola “I-Premium Yokuthobelana” evela kubathengi be-EU: Chaza ngokuqhubekayo izindleko ezikhuphukile zezinqubo ezingenayo i-fluorine kubanikazi bomkhiqizo we-EU futhi uxoxisane ngamanani aphezulu omkhiqizo. Eqinisweni, abathengi be-EU bazimisele kakhulu ukukhokhela "imikhiqizo eco-friendly." Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yi-European Consumers Association, izindwangu ezibhalwe ukuthi “PFAS-free” zingabiza iprimiyamu engu-10% -15%. Izinkampani zingathola ukulawula intengo ngokugcizelela “izibaluli zazo zemvelo.”
IV. Ukwesekwa Kwemboni Nenqubomgomo: Ukunciphisa Umthwalo kanye Nokunika Amabhizinisi Amandla
Ngaphezu kwezimpendulo zamabhizinisi, izinhlangano zezimboni kanye neminyango kahulumeni nazo zisekela amabhizinisi angaphandle kwendwangu yaseShayina:
Izinhlangano zezimboni zisungula “inkundla yokuphendula nokuxhumana”: Inhlangano Yezentengiselwano YaseChina Yokungenisa Nokuthunyelwa Kwezindwangu Nezingubo Zokugqoka ihlele “Imihlangano Yesihlongozo Se-EU New PFAS Yokuhumusha,” imema abameli nochwepheshe bokuhlola ukuthi baphendule imibuzo evela emabhizinisini. Bahlela futhi ukusungula “umtapo wolwazi wokwabelana ngobuchwepheshe benqubo engena-fluorine” ukusiza amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo ehlise izithiyo zobuchwepheshe zokungena.
Ohulumeni basekhaya bahlinzeka “ngoxhaso lwenguquko yezobuchwepheshe”: I-Zhejiang, i-Jiangsu, i-Guangdong, nezinye izifundazwe zifake “inqubo yokuguqulwa kwendwangu engena-fluorine” kuzinqubomgomo zabo zokusekela uhwebo lwangaphandle. Amabhizinisi angafaka izicelo zoxhaso olufika ku-30% wezindleko zoshintsho lobuchwepheshe futhi ajabulele izindleko zokuhlola ezincishisiwe.
Umnyango Wezohwebo uphromotha “Ingxoxo Yamazinga Yase-China-EU”: Umnyango Wezohwebo udlulisele izimfuno ezifanele zamabhizinisi aseShayina ku-EU ngokusebenzisa indlela yeKomidi Elihlanganyelwe Lezomnotho Nezohwebo lase-China-EU, futhi usebenzela ukusungula “inkathi yenguquko” ngemva kokuba isiphakamiso siqale ukusebenza ukuze sinikeze amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nesikhathi esengeziwe sokulungisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-18-2025