Ngomhla wesi-5 ku-Agasti, i-2025, i-Indiya kunye ne-United Kingdom zisungule ngokusemthethweni iSivumelwano esiBanzi sezoQoqosho noRhwebo (emva koku sibizwa ngokuba yi-"India-UK FTA"). Le ntsebenziswano yorhwebo ibalulekileyo ayilungisi nje kuphela ubudlelwane boqoqosho norhwebo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini kodwa ikwathumela amagingxigingxi kwicandelo lehlabathi lokurhweba ngamalaphu angaphandle. Izibonelelo “zero-mrhumo” kushishino lwempahla olulukiweyo kwisivumelwano zibhala ngokutsha imeko-bume ekhuphisanayo yorhwebo lwempahla olulukiweyo yase-UK, ingakumbi ibeka imicelimngeni enokubakhona kumashishini ama-China athumela impahla ngaphandle ekudala elawula kwimarike.
Undoqo wesiVumelwano: iZiro zeRhafu kwi-1,143 yeendidi zeTele, iIndiya iJolise kwiMarike eyoNgeziweyo yase-UK.
Umzi-mveliso we-textile ubonakala njengomnye wabaxhamli abaphambili be-India-UK FTA: 1,143 iindidi ze-textile (ezigubungela amacandelo amakhulu afana nelaphu lomqhaphu, ilaphu elingwevu, iimpahla esele zenziwe, kunye nempahla yasekhaya) ethunyelwa ngaphandle esuka e-Indiya ukuya e-UK ikhululwe ngokupheleleyo kwiirhafu, kubalwa malunga ne-85% yoluhlu lwemibhalo ephuma kuluhlu lwase-UK. Ngaphambi koku, iimveliso zamalaphu zaseIndiya ezingena kwimarike yase-UK zaziphantsi koluhlu lweerhafu ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kwi-12%, ngelixa ezinye iimveliso ezivela kubakhuphisana abakhulu njenge-China kunye ne-Bangladesh sele zonwabele amaxabiso aphantsi erhafu phantsi kweNkqubo yokuKhethelwa Jikelele (GSP) okanye izivumelwano zamazwe amabini.
Ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo koluhlu lwamaxabiso kuphucule ngokuthe ngqo ukukhuphisana kwexabiso leemveliso zamalaphu zaseIndiya kwimarike yase-UK. Ngokwezibalo ze-Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI), emva kokususwa kwerhafu, ixabiso leengubo zaseIndiya ezilungele ukulungelelaniswa kwiimarike zase-UK zingancitshiswa nge-6% -8%. Umsantsa wamaxabiso phakathi kweemveliso zaseIndiya nezaseTshayina 同类 uya kucutha ukusuka kwi-3% -5% yangaphambili ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1%, kwaye ezinye iimveliso eziphakathi ukuya kwinqanaba elisezantsi zinokufikelela kwixabiso elilinganayo okanye zidlule izikhulu zaseTshayina.
Ngokomlinganiselo wemarike, i-UK ingowesithathu ngobukhulu kumazwe angaphandle kwelaphu eYurophu, enomthamo wonyaka wokungeniswa kwelaphu we-USD 26.95 yebhiliyoni (idatha ka-2024). Phakathi koku, iimpahla zithatha i-62%, impahla yasekhaya i-23%, kunye ne-15%. Ixesha elide, lixhomekeke kwikhonkco elipheleleyo lemizi-mveliso, umgangatho ozinzile, kunye neenzuzo ezinkulu, i-China ithathe i-28% yesabelo semakethi yokungenisa amalaphu yase-UK, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngoyena mthengisi mkhulu wase-UK. Nangona i-Indiya ililizwe lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni, isabelo sayo kwimarike yase-UK yi-6.6% kuphela, ingakumbi igxile kwiimveliso eziphakathi ezifana nelaphu lomqhaphu kunye nelaphu elingwevu, elinexabiso eliphezulu elongeziweyo lempahla esele yenziwe ngaphandle ibalwa ngaphantsi kwe-30%.
Ukungena ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-India-UK FTA kuvule “ifestile eyongezelekayo” kushishino lwamalaphu lwaseIndiya. Kwisiteyitimenti esikhutshwe emva kokuba isivumelwano siqale ukusebenza, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMiqhaphu ichaze ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla e-UK ukusuka kwi-USD 1.78 yebhiliyoni ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo, kunye nesabelo semarike esingaphezulu kwe-18%. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Indiya iceba ukuphambukisa malunga nepesenti ze-11.4 kwisabelo semarike esikhoyo, kwaye i-China, njengomthengisi omkhulu kwimarike yase-UK, iya kuba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo ephambili yokhuphiswano.
Imiceli mngeni yoShishino loMqhaphu waseTshayina: Uxinzelelo kwiiMarike eziPhakathi ukuya-kwiSiphelo esiPhakathi, izinto eziluncedo zoBonelelo zihleli kodwa ukuphapha kuyafuneka.
Kumashishini amaTshayina athumela impahla ngaphandle, imicelimngeni eziswa yi-India-UK FTA igxile ikakhulu kwicandelo lemveliso ephakathi ukuya kwesezantsi. Okwangoku, iimpahla ezisele zilungisiwe (ezifana nempahla yokunxiba kunye namalaphu asisiseko asekhaya) zithatha malunga ne-45% yempahla yaseTshayina ethunyelwa e-UK. Ezi mveliso zinemiqobo ephantsi yobugcisa, ukhuphiswano oluqatha, kwaye ixabiso lelona qondo liphambili lokhuphiswano. I-Indiya, enezinto eziluncedo kwiindleko zabasebenzi (umndilili womvuzo wenyanga wabasebenzi beempahla base-India umalunga ne-1/3 yaloo e-China) kunye nezibonelelo zomqhaphu (i-Indiya yeyona nto inkulu evelisa umqhaphu emhlabeni), idityaniswa nokwehliswa komrhumo, inokutsala abathengisi base-UK ukuba batshintshe inxalenye yee-odolo zabo zaphakathi ukuya-kwisiphelo esisezantsi baye eIndiya.
Ukususela kumbono wamashishini athile, izicwangciso zokuthengwa kwabathengisi abakhulu be-UK (ezifana namanqaku & Spencer, Primark, kunye ne-ASDA) baye babonisa iimpawu zohlengahlengiso. Ngokutsho kwemithombo yoshishino, i-Primark isayine izivumelwano zokubonelela ixesha elide kunye ne-3 yeefektri zempahla yaseIndiya kunye nezicwangciso zokunyusa umlinganiselo wokuthengwa kwempahla ephakathi ukuya kwi-low-end-low-end-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-out-co-end, ukusuka kwi-10% ukuya kwi-30%. I-Marks & Spencer iphinde yachaza ukuba iya kwandisa umthamo wokuthengwa kweemveliso zempahla yasekhaya eyenziwe eIndiya kwi-2025-2026 ekwindla nasebusika ngexesha lonyaka, kunye nesabelo ekujoliswe kuso sokuqala se-15%.
Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lempahla yaseTshayina alikhuselekanga. Ukunyaniseka kwekhonkco lezoshishino kunye neenzuzo zeemveliso eziphezulu zexabiso elongezelelweyo zihlala zingundoqo ekuchaseni ukhuphiswano. Kwelinye icala, iTshayina inoyilo olupheleleyo lwetyathanga lwemizi-mveliso ukusuka kwifayibha yemichiza, ukusonta, ukuluka, ukuprinta kunye nokudaya kwiimpahla esele zenziwe. Isantya sokuphendula setsheyini yoshishino (kunye nomjikelo oqhelekileyo wokuhanjiswa kweodolo malunga neentsuku ezingama-20) ukhawuleza kakhulu kunowaseIndiya (malunga neentsuku ezingama-35-40), eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwiimpawu zefashoni ezikhawulezayo ezifuna ukuphindaphindwa ngokukhawuleza. Kwelinye icala, ukuqokelelwa kwethekhnoloji yaseTshayina kunye nenzuzo yomthamo wemveliso kwibala lelaphu elilaphu eliphezulu (elifana namalaphu asebenzayo, iimveliso zefiber ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye neempahla ezilukiweyo ezikrelekrele) kunzima ukuba iIndiya igqithe kwixesha elifutshane. Umzekelo, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-China yamalaphu e-polyester asetyenzisiweyo kunye nempahla yasekhaya echasene ne-antibacterial kwi-akhawunti yase-UK ngaphezulu kwe-40% yemarike yase-UK, ijolise ikakhulu kubathengi be-brand-to-high-end-high-end, kwaye eli candelo alichatshazelwa kangako ngamaxabiso.
Ukongeza, "uyilo lwehlabathi" lwamashishini amalaphu aseTshayina nawo akhusela umngcipheko wemarike enye. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amashishini amalaphu amaninzi aseTshayina aseke iziseko zemveliso kuMazantsi-mpuma e-Asia nase-Afrika ukuze bangene kwimakethi yaseYurophu ngokunyusela ukhetho lwamaxabiso asekhaya. Umzekelo, umzi-mveliso waseVietnam waseShenzhou waMazwe ngaMazwe unokonwabela iirhafu eziziro ngeSivumelwano soRhwebo esiSimahla se-EU-Vietnam, kunye nempahla zemidlalo ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwi-akhawunti yase-UK nge-22% yentengiso yempahla yezemidlalo yase-UK. Le nxalenye yeshishini okwethutyana ayichatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo yi-India-UK FTA.
Impembelelo yoShishino eYandisiweyo: ukuKhawuleziswa koMmandla weTyayini yokuNikezela ngeMiqhaga yeHlabathi, amaShishini kufuneka aJolise “kuKhuphiswano olwahlukileyo”
Ukungena ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-India-UK FTA ngokuyimfuneko yi-microcosm yendlela yehlabathi "yokumisa ummandla" kunye nophuhliso "olusekwe kwisivumelwano" lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izivumelwano zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwamazwe amabini ezifana ne-EU-Indonesia FTA, UK-India FTA, kunye ne-US-Vietnam FTA ziye zaqukunjelwa ngamandla. Enye yeengcinga ezingundoqo kukwakha “amatyathanga obonelelo olukufuphi nonxweme” okanye “amatyathanga obonelelo nge-ally” ngokukhetha iirhafu, kwaye lo mkhwa ulungisa ngokutsha imithetho yorhwebo lwempahla olulukiweyo yehlabathi.
Kumashishini amalaphu kwihlabathi liphela, iindlela zokuphendula kufuneka zigxile “kumahluko”:
Amashishini aseIndiya: Ngexesha elifutshane, kufuneka ajongane nemiba efana nokungonelanga komthamo kunye nokuzinza kwekhonkco lokubonelela (umzekelo, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso lomqhaphu, ukunqongophala kwamandla) ukunqanda ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa okubangelwa kukunyuka kwee-odolo. Ngexesha elide, kufuneka bakhulise umlinganiselo weemveliso eziphezulu zexabiso elongezelelweyo kwaye bahlukane nokuxhomekeka kwimarike ephakathi ukuya ekupheleni.
Amashishini aseTshayina: Kwelinye icala, banokuhlanganisa isabelo sabo kwimarike ephezulu ngokuphucula itekhnoloji (umzekelo, ukuphuhlisa amalaphu ahambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nemicu esebenzayo). Kwelinye icala, bangomeleza intsebenziswano enzulu kunye neebrendi zase-UK (umzekelo, ukubonelela ngoyilo olulungiselelweyo kunye neenkonzo zobonelelo olukhawulezayo lokuphendula) ukomeleza ukubambelela kwabathengi. Kwangaxeshanye, banokusebenzisa inyathelo elithi "Ibhanti kunye neNdlela" ukunqanda imiqobo yerhafu ngokuthunyelwa kumazwe esithathu okanye imveliso yaphesheya.
Abathengisi base-UK: Kufuneka babethe ibhalansi phakathi kweendleko kunye nokuzinza kwekhonkco lokubonelela. Nangona iimveliso zaseIndiya zinezibonelelo ezibalaseleyo zamaxabiso, zijongene nemingcipheko ephezulu yokubonelela. Iimveliso zaseTshayina, nangona ziphezulu kancinci kwixabiso, zibonelela ngomgangatho oqinisekisiweyo kunye nozinzo lokuhanjiswa. Kulindeleke ukuba imakethi yase-UK ibonise indlela yokubonelela kabini "yokuphela okuphezulu ukusuka eTshayina + phakathi ukuya ezantsi ukusuka eIndiya" kwixesha elizayo.
Ngokubanzi, impembelelo ye-India-UK FTA kwishishini le-textile "ayiphazamisi" kodwa kunoko ikhuthaza ukuphuculwa kokhuphiswano lweemarike ukusuka "kwiimfazwe zamaxabiso" ukuya "kwiimfazwe zexabiso". Kumashishini amaTshayina athumela impahla ngaphandle kwelaphu, kufuneka alumke ngokuchasene nelahleko yesabelo semalike esiphakathi ukuya esisezantsi kwixesha elifutshane, kwaye kwixesha elide, akhe iinzuzo ezintsha ezikhuphisanayo phantsi kwemithetho emitsha yorhwebo ngokuphuculwa kwekhonkco lemizi-mveliso kunye noyilo lwehlabathi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-22-2025