Ukukhutshwa kwamva nje kwesindululo esitsha se-EU sokuthintelwa kwe-per- kunye ne-polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) kumalaphu kuzuze ingqalelo ebalulekileyo kushishino lwempahla olulukiweyo lwehlabathi. Isindululo asiqinisi kakhulu kuphela imida yentsalela yePFAS kodwa sandisa umda weemveliso ezilawulwayo. Oku kulindeleke ukuba kube nefuthe elimandla ekuthunyelweni kwelaphu yaseTshayina kwi-EU. Njengomniki-mpahla oyintloko we-EU, i-China ithumela ngaphandle kwe-12.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka kwi-EU. Iinkampani ezinxulumeneyo kufuneka zicwangcise kwangaphambili ukunciphisa imingcipheko yorhwebo.
I. Umxholo ongundoqo weSindululo: Ukuqiniswa kweMida "efana neCliff" kunye noKwandiswa okuBanzi kokuBandakanya
Esi siphakamiso sitsha sesithintelo se-EU PFAS sidlula ngaphaya kohlengahlengiso olulula lwemigangatho; endaweni yoko, imele impumelelo kuzo zombini ubunzulu bolawulo kunye nomda wokugubungela, ngokugqithisileyo imimiselo yangaphambili.
1. Umda uthotywe ukusuka kwi-50ppm ukuya kwi-1ppm, ukwandisa ukuqina kwamaxesha angama-50.
I-PFAS, ngenxa yamanzi, i-oyile-, kunye neempawu zokuxhathisa amabala, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimpahla enjengempahla yangaphandle, iimpahla zemidlalo, kunye nempahla yasekhaya (efana noomatrasi ongenamanzi kunye namakhethini angenawo amabala). Umda wangaphambili we-EU we-PFAS kwilaphu yayingama-50ppm (iinxalenye ezingama-50 ngesigidi), kodwa isindululo esitsha sehlisa umda ngokuthe ngqo kwi-1ppm, ngokufanelekileyo sifuna ukuba iintsalela ze-PFAS kwiimpahla ezilukiweyo zigcinwe kwinqanaba "elikufutshane ne-zero".
Olu hlengahlengiso lubonisa iinkxalabo ze-EU malunga nobungozi bokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yePFAS. I-PFAS, eyaziwa ngokuba "ziikhemikhali ezisisigxina," kunzima ukuthotywa kwimeko yendalo kwaye inokuqokelela kwikhonkco lokutya, enokuthi ibe yingozi kwi-endocrine yomntu kunye ne-immune systems. I-EU iye yakhuthaza isicwangciso se-"PFAS-free environment" kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye oku kuqiniswa komda weempahla ezilukiweyo kukuphunyezwa okubalulekileyo kwesi sicwangciso kwicandelo labathengi.
2. Ukugubungela zonke iiCategories, kunye Phantse Akukho Lulaphu luKhululwayo
Isindululo esitsha sophula ulawulo lwangaphambili lwe-EU “loluhlu olulinganiselweyo” lwePFAS kwilaphu, sandise umda wolawulo ukusuka “kwimiqhaphu ethile esebenzayo” phantse kuzo zonke iindidi zelaphu:
Isinxibo: kuquka impahla yangaphandle, impahla yezemidlalo, impahla yabantwana, impahla yangaphantsi, njl.;
Iimpahla zasekhaya:okogquma oomatrasi, amashiti, iikhethini, iikhaphethi, imiqamelo, njl.;
Iimpahla zeMveliso:njengeentente ezingangeni manzi, imithunzi yelanga, kunye namalaphu okukhusela ezonyango.
Ekuphela kwento echaseneyo "yimisonto esisiseko eyenziwe kwimicu yendalo ngaphandle konyango olusebenzayo" (njengelaphu elingadayyidwanga, elingafakwanga greige elisulungekileyo). Nangona kunjalo, ezi mveliso zithatha umlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwi-EU, kwaye uninzi lwamalaphu aseTshayina athunyelwa ngaphandle kwi-EU aya kuba phantsi kolawulo.
3. Umgca wexesha elicacileyo: Emva kwexesha leentsuku ezingama-60 zezimvo zoluntu, ummiselo kunokwenzeka ukuba uqale ukusebenza ngo-2026.
Isindululo singenile kwixesha lezimvo zoluntu, eliya kuhlala iintsuku ezingama-60 (ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa) kwaye ngokuyintloko kujongwe ukuqokelela ingxelo evela kumazwe angamalungu e-EU, imibutho yoshishino, amashishini, kunye noluntu. Xa sijonga isantya sokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo we-EU kwixesha elidlulileyo, ezo zindululo azenzeki luhlenga-hlengiso olukhulu emva kwexesha lezimvo zoluntu. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kulindeleke ukuba igqitywe ekupheleni kuka-2025, ngokuphunyezwa ngokusesikweni ngo-2026.
Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkampani zamalaphu zaseTshayina “zinexesha le-buffer” kuphela elimalunga nonyaka omnye ukuya kwemibini, apho kufuneka zigqibezele uphuculo lwetekhnoloji, zilungelelanise amakhonkco azo obonelelo, kwaye zandise iinkqubo zazo zovavanyo. Kungenjalo, babeka emngciphekweni wokuba iimpahla zabo zivalelwe, zibuyiswe, okanye bade bahlawuliswe ngamasiko e-EU.
II. Impembelelo eNgqo kuRhwebo lwaNgaphandle kweMiqhaphu yaseTshayina: IMarike yeBhiliyoni ezili-12.7 zeerandi eziThunyelwa ngaphandle ijongene “noVavanyo lokuThobela”
I-China ngowona mthombo mkhulu we-EU wokungeniswa kwelaphu ngaphandle. Ngo-2024, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yaseTshayina kwi-EU kwafikelela kwi-12.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi (malunga ne-RMB 98 yeebhiliyoni), kubalelwa kwi-23% ye-EU iyonke yokungeniswa kwempahla. Oku kubandakanya ngaphezulu kwama-20,000 eenkampani ezithumela ngaphandle, kubandakanywa amaphondo amakhulu athumela impahla ngaphandle njengeZhejiang, iJiangsu, iGuangdong, kunye neFujian. Ukuphunyezwa kwesindululo esitsha kuya kuba nefuthe elithe ngqo kwiinkampani zaseTshayina ngokweendleko, ii-odolo, kunye neentambo zokubonelela.
1. Uxinzelelo lweendleko olunyuka ngokukhawuleza: Uguqulo lwenkqubo engenaFluorine kunye novavanyo olukhethekileyo zombini zibiza.
Kwiinkampani zaseTshayina, ukuhlangabezana nomda we-1ppm kubandakanya iindleko ezimbini eziphambili:
Iindleko zenguqu kubuchwepheshe: Iinkqubo zemveli ezine-fluorine (ezifana nezo zisebenzisa i-fluorine-containing water-repellents) kufuneka zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo ngeenkqubo ezingenafluorine. Oku kubandakanya ukuthenga izinto ezigxotha amanzi ezingenafluorine, ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo zemveliso (ezifana namaqondo obushushu okubhaka kunye nobuchule bokudaya), kunye nokuphucula izixhobo. Umzekelo, kwinkampani yelaphu eliphakathi kunye nempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ngonyaka kwi-EU ye-US $ 10 yezigidi, iindleko zokuthengwa kwezinto ezincedisayo ezingenayo i-fluorine zizodwa zingaba yi-30% -50% ephezulu kunezoncedo zendabuko, kwaye iindleko zokuguqulwa kwezixhobo ziqikelelwa ukuba zifikelele kwizigidi ezininzi zeeyuan.
Ukonyuka kweendleko zovavanyo: I-EU ifuna amalaphu ukuba aphumelele "uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lwePFAS" ngaphambi kokuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye ingxelo kufuneka ikhutshwe yiarhente yovavanyo evunywe ngumntu wesithathu. Okwangoku, iindleko zovavanyo olunye lwePFAS lumalunga ne-800-1,500 ye-euro kwibhetshi nganye. Ngaphambili, phantsi komda we-50ppm, iinkampani ezininzi bezifuna kuphela ukujonga indawo. Ngesiphakamiso esitsha, uvavanyo lwebhetshi ngebhetshi luya kufuneka. Kwinkampani ethumela iibhetshi ezili-100 ngonyaka, iindleko zovavanyo zonyaka ziya kunyuka nge-80,000-150,000 ye-euro (malunga ne-RMB 620,000-1.17 yezigidi).
2. Umngcipheko woMyalelo owandisiweyo: Abathengi be-EU banokutshintshela kuBaboneleli be-Pre-screening
Iimpawu ze-EU (ezifana ne-ZARA, H&M, kunye ne-Uniqlo yaseYurophu) zineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zokuthotyelwa kwekhonkco lonikezelo. Ukulandela ukukhutshwa kwesindululo esitsha, abanye abathengi be-EU baqalisile ukuhlengahlengisa izicwangciso zabo zokufumana:
Ababoneleli baseTshayina bayacelwa ukuba babonelele "ngesiqinisekiso senkqubo engenafluorine" kunye "neengxelo zovavanyo lwePFAS" kwangethuba, ngaphandle kokuzithenga.
Ixhalabele malunga nemingcipheko yokuthotyelwa, ezinye iibrendi ezincinci kunye neziphakathi zicuthe ukukhangela ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka e-China kwaye zitshintshela kubaboneleli kwi-EU okanye kumazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia (afana neVietnam ne-Bangladesh). Nangona iinkampani zaseMzantsi-mpuma Asia zikwajongene neebhotile zobugcisa, abathengi be-EU bakhetha “ulawulo lwasekhaya.”
Kwiinkampani ezincinci kunye neziphakathi zaseTshayina, ukusilela ukukhawuleza ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuthotyelwa kunokukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nee-odolo. Iinkampani ezinkulu, ngelixa zikwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zohlengahlengiso, ziya kufuna ukuba ziphinde zixoxe ngamaxabiso nabathengi be-EU, zicinezele imida yazo yenzuzo.
3. Imingcipheko eyandisiweyo yokuhlolwa kwempahla ephumayo: Impahla engahambelaniyo iya kujongana nokuvalelwa nokubuyiselwa.
Amasiko e-EU aya kuba "ngumahluleli" wesiphakamiso esitsha. Ekuphunyezweni kwayo, izithethe zamazwe angamalungu e-EU ziya komeleza iisampulu zePFAS kunye novavanyo lwamalaphu angaphandle. Nawuphi na umxholo we-PFAS ongaphezulu kwe-1 ppm uya kukhokelela ekuvalelweni kwindawo, kwaye iinkampani ziya kufunwa ukuba zibonelele ngeengxelo zovavanyo ezongezelelweyo ngexesha elibekiweyo. Ukuba ukungathotyelwa kuqinisekisiwe, iimpahla ziya kubuyiselwa ngenkani, kwaye inkampani inokubekwa kwi-EU "uluhlu lokubeka iliso oluphambili," ukunyusa izinga lokuhlolwa kwempahla yokuthumela ngaphandle ukuya kwi-50%.
Imimiselo yangaphambili ye-EU yokusingqongileyo kwiimpahla (ezifana ne-REACH kunye nezithintelo zedayi ze-azo) sele zibangele ukuba ezinye iinkampani zaseTshayina zijongene nokukhatywa kokuthunyelwa ngenxa yokungathobeli. Ngomda omtsha, ongqongqo ngakumbi wePFAS, umngcipheko wokwaliwa kulindeleke ukuba unyuke kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwiChina Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles and Apparel, izinga lokubuyiswa kweempahla zaseTshayina kwi-EU ngenxa yemicimbi yokuthotyelwa kwendalo iya kuba malunga ne-1.2% kwi-2024. Eli zinga linokuthi lidlule i-3% emva kokuba isiphakamiso esitsha sisebenze.
III. Indlela yeMpendulo yeeNkampani zaseTshayina ezilukiweyo: Ukusuka “kuKuthotyelwa okuSebenzayo” ukuya “kuPhuculo oluQhelekileyo”
Ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yesindululo esitsha se-EU, iinkampani zamalaphu zaseTshayina kufuneka ziyiyeke ingqondo “yempendulo yethutyana” kwaye endaweni yoko zakhe amandla okuthobela ixesha elide kuyo yonke itekhnoloji, ikhonkco lokubonelela, kunye nobungakanani bentengiso, ziguqula “iindleko zokuthobela” zibe “ziinzuzo ezikhuphisanayo.”
1. IThekhnoloji: Ukukhawulezisa ukutshintshwa kweenkqubo ze-fluorine-free ukubamba "iteknoloji eluhlaza" kwindawo ephakamileyo.
Iinkqubo ezingenaFluorine zingundoqo ukuhlangabezana nemida ye-EU. Iinkampani zinokuqhubela phambili inguqu yetekhnoloji ngeendlela ezimbini:
Beka phambili ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo ezingenafluorine eziqinisekisiweyo: Iimveliso ezingenayo i-fluorine ngoku ziyafumaneka kwimarike ezinokuthatha indawo ye-fluorine egxotha amanzi, efana nezityalo ezigxotha amanzi kunye ne-polyurethane yamanzi. Nangona ezi mveliso zibiza kakhulu, ukuzinza kwabo kwezobugcisa kuye kwafakazelwa (umzekelo, iimpawu zezemidlalo ezifana ne-Anta kunye ne-Li Ning sele zifumene iinkqubo zokugxotha amanzi ezingenayo i-fluorine kwiingubo zabo zangaphandle).
Ukusebenzisana namaziko ophando ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji yexabiso eliphantsi: Amashishini amancinci naphakathi angasebenzisana neeyunivesithi kunye namaziko ophando lweshishini (afana neChina Textile Science Academy) ukwenza "uphando lokunciphisa iindleko lwefluorine." Ngokomzekelo, ngokulungisa i-additive ratios kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ixabiso leyunithi yeenkqubo ze-fluorine-free zingancitshiswa.
Ukongeza, iinkampani zinokuphonononga "ifayibha yendalo + yokuphucula ukusebenza"-umzekelo, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zendalo zokulwa ne-antibacterial kunye nokufunxa ukufuma kweflakisi kunye ne-bamboo fibers ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwizongezo ezisebenzayo zePFAS. Oku, kwakhona, kudala indawo yokuthengisa imveliso “yendalo + ehambelana nokusingqongileyo” ukomeleza isibongozo semveliso kubathengi be-EU.
2. Ikhonkco loBonelelo: Misela "Ukulandelelwa kweChayini egcweleyo" kunye nokuVavanya kwangaphambili kwamanyathelo ovavanyo.
Ukuthobela ayingombandela nje “wemveliso”; kufuneka iphunyezwe kulo lonke ikhonkco lobonelelo:
Ulawulo lweMpahla eMantla: Sayina “iZiVumelwano zoNikezo lwePFAS-Simahla” kunye nababoneleli belaphu kunye nabavelisi abongezelelekileyo, befuna iinkampani ezinyukayo ukuba zibonelele ngeengxelo zovavanyo lwePFAS ngezinto zazo ezikrwada ukuphelisa ungcoliseko kumthombo;
Ukujongwa kweNkqubo yeMveliso yeMidstream: Ukuseka "iiNqaku zoLawulo lwePFAS" ngaphakathi kwindibano yocweyo yemveliso, njengokuvavanya rhoqo amanqanaba entsalela kumatanki okudaya kunye nezixhobo zokugquma ukuthintela ukungcoliseka;
Uvavanyo lokuQala olusezantsi: Kuphephe ukuthembela "kuvavanyo lwasemva" ngamasiko e-EU. Endaweni yoko, ikhomishini yasekhaya, iiarhente zovavanyo ezivunyiweyo ze-EU (ezinje nge-SGS China kunye ne-Intertek China) ukuba zenze uvavanyo olukhethekileyo lwePFAS ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iingxelo zithobela imigangatho ye-EU kwaye kunciphisa imingcipheko yokukhutshwa kwezithethe.
3. IMarike: Yahluka kwaye Uzabalazele “iNtlawulo yaNyanga le”
Ukujongana noxinzelelo lokuthobela kwimakethi ye-EU, iinkampani zinokuthatha isicwangciso esimacala amabini:
Yandisa iimarike ezingezizo eze-EU ukwahlula-hlula imingcipheko: Yandisa iinzame zokuphonononga iimarike ezikhulayo ezifana ne-Southeast Asia, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye noMzantsi Melika. Ezi ntengiso okwangoku zinemimiselo ekhululekileyo kwi-PFAS (umzekelo, iBrazil neIndiya azikayikhuphi imida yePFAS yamalaphu), enokusebenza “njengomncedi” kwimarike ye-EU;
Zama “iNtlawulo yaNyanga le” evela kubathengi be-EU: Cacisa ngokubonakalayo amaxabiso anyukileyo eenkqubo ezingenafluorine kubanini beempawu ze-EU kwaye uthethethethana ngamaxabiso aphezulu emveliso. Ngapha koko, abathengi be-EU bazimisele ngakumbi ukuhlawulela "imveliso eco-friendly." Ngokophando olwenziwa yiEuropean Consumers Association, amalaphu abhalwe “PFAS-free” anokuyalela iprimiyamu ye-10% -15%. Iinkampani zinokufumana ulawulo lwamaxabiso ngokugxininisa "iimpawu zabo zokusingqongileyo."
IV. Inkxaso yoShishino kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo: UkuNcitshiswa koMthwalo kunye nokuXhobisa amaShishini
Ukongeza kwiimpendulo zamashishini, imibutho yoshishino kunye namasebe karhulumente nawo axhasa amashishini orhwebo lwamalaphu aseTshayina angaphandle:
Imibutho yoShishino iseka "iqonga lokuphendula kunye nonxibelelwano": IQumrhu laseTshayina lezoRhwebo lokuThunyela ngaphandle kunye nokuThunyelelwa kweMpahla kunye neSinxibo liququzelele "iiNtlanganiso zeSindululo seSindululo se-EU eNtsha yePFAS," imema amagqwetha kunye neengcali zovavanyo ukuba ziphendule imibuzo evela kumashishini. Bakwaceba ukuseka “ithala leencwadi lokwabelana ngeteknoloji yenkqubo engenafluorine” ukunceda amashishini amancinci naphakathi ukuba athobe imiqobo yetekhnoloji yokungena.
Oorhulumente basekhaya babonelela "ngenkxaso-mali yokuguqulwa kobugcisa": I-Zhejiang, i-Jiangsu, i-Guangdong, kunye namanye amaphondo afake "ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo ye-fluorine-free for textiles" kwimigaqo-nkqubo yabo yenkxaso yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Amashishini angafaka izicelo zoncediso-mali ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yeendleko zenguqu yobugcisa kwaye bonwabele imirhumo ethotyiweyo yovavanyo.
UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo uphakamisa "Ingxoxo yeMigangatho yaseChina-EU": UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo udlulise iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zamashishini aseTshayina kwi-EU ngokusebenzisa iKomiti ye-China-EU edibeneyo yeKomiti yezoQoqosho noRhwebo, kwaye isebenza ukuseka "ixesha lenguqu" emva kokuba isiphakamiso siqala ukusebenza ukubonelela ngamashishini amancinci naphakathi kunye nexesha elingakumbi lokulungelelanisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-18-2025