Vuba aha, leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zakomeje gukaza umurego muri politiki y’inyungu z’ibihugu byombi, ku buryo busanzwe harimo Bangladesh na Sri Lanka ku rutonde rw’ibihano no gushyiraho imisoro iri hejuru ya 37% na 44%. Iki cyemezo nticyagize ingaruka gusa kuri gahunda y’ubukungu y’ibihugu byombi, bishingiye cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, ariko kandi byateje urunana mu rwego rwo gutanga imyenda ku isi. Inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda yo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nazo zafashwe n’ingutu ebyiri z’ibiciro byiyongera ndetse n’imivurungano yo gutanga isoko.
I. Bangaladeshi: Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga byatakaje Miliyari 3.3 z'amadolari, Imiriyoni y'akazi kuri Stake
Nk’umwanya wa kabiri mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu mahanga, inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda ni “ubuzima bw’ubukungu” bwa Bangladesh. Uru ruganda rutanga 11% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu, 84% y’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi bigatera mu buryo butaziguye akazi k’abantu barenga miliyoni 4 (80% muri bo ni abakozi b’abagore). Ifasha kandi mu buryo butaziguye imibereho yabaturage barenga miliyoni 15 murwego rwo hejuru no mumasoko yinganda. Amerika ni isoko rya kabiri mu bihugu byoherezwa mu mahanga nyuma y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Mu 2023, muri Bangaladeshi imyenda n'imyenda byoherezwa muri Amerika byageze kuri miliyari 6.4 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 95% by'ibyoherezwa muri Amerika muri rusange, bikubiyemo ibicuruzwa bikoresha ibicuruzwa byihuta byihuta cyane nka T-shati, amajipo, n'amashati, kandi bikabera isoko y'ibanze ku bacuruzi bo muri Amerika nka Walmart na Target.
Muri iki gihe Amerika yashyizeho igiciro cya 37% ku bicuruzwa byo muri Bangaladeshi kuri iyi nshuro bivuze ko T-shirt y’ipamba yavuye muri Bangladesh, ubusanzwe yari ifite amadorari 10 n’igiciro cyoherezwa mu mahanga 15 $, igomba kwishyura andi $ 5.55 y’amahoro nyuma yo kwinjira ku isoko ry’Amerika, bigatuma igiciro cyose kigera ku $ 20.55 mu buryo butaziguye. Ku nganda z’imyenda ya Bangaladeshi, zishingiye ku “giciro gito n’inyungu zoroheje” nk’inyungu nyamukuru yo guhatanira amarushanwa, iki gipimo cy’amahoro cyarenze kure inyungu rusange y’inganda zingana na 5% -8%. Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’abakora imyenda n’abashoramari bo muri Bangaladeshi (BGMEA), nyuma yuko ayo mahoro atangiye gukurikizwa, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri Amerika bizava kuri miliyari 6.4 buri mwaka bikagera kuri miliyari 3.1 z'amadolari y’Amerika, aho buri mwaka igihombo kigera kuri miliyari 3.3 z'amadolari - bihwanye no kwambura inganda z’imyenda igihugu hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’umugabane w’isoko ry’Amerika.
Ikirenzeho, igabanuka ry’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ryateje akavuyo mu nganda. Kugeza ubu, inganda 27 ntoya n’iciriritse muri Bangladesh zahagaritse umusaruro kubera ibicuruzwa byatakaye, bituma ubushomeri bw’abakozi bagera ku 18.000. BGMEA yihanangirije ko niba ayo mahoro akomeje gukurikizwa mu gihe kirenze amezi atandatu, inganda zirenga 50 mu gihugu hose zizahagarara, kandi umubare w'abashomeri urashobora kurenga 100.000, ibyo bikaba byagira ingaruka ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage ndetse n'umutekano w'abaturage mu gihugu. Muri icyo gihe, inganda z’imyenda ya Bangladesh zishingiye cyane ku ipamba yatumijwe mu mahanga (hafi 90% by'ipamba igomba kugurwa muri Amerika n'Ubuhinde). Kugabanuka gukabije kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bizanatuma ikibazo cy’ibigega by’ivunjisha kibura, bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw’igihugu bwo gutumiza mu mahanga ibikoresho fatizo nka pamba no guteza akaga gakomeye ko “kugabanuka kw'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga → ibura ry'ibikoresho fatizo → kugabanya ubushobozi”.
II. Sri Lanka.
Ugereranije na Bangaladeshi, inganda z’imyenda ya Sri Lanka ni nto mu bunini ariko kimwe n’ifatizo ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda zitanga 5% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu na 45% by’ibicuruzwa byose byoherezwa mu mahanga, hamwe n’abakozi barenga 300.000, bityo bikaba inganda nyamukuru yo kuzamura ubukungu bwa Sri Lanka nyuma y’intambara. Ibyoherezwa muri Amerika byiganjemo imyenda yo hagati-yohejuru-yohejuru n'imyenda ikora (nk'imyenda y'imikino n'imyenda y'imbere). Mu 2023, Sri Lanka imyenda yoherezwa muri Amerika yageze kuri miliyari 1.8 z'amadolari, bingana na 7% by'isoko ryo muri Amerika ryinjira mu bitambaro hagati kugeza hejuru.
Amerika yiyongereyeho igipimo cy’ibiciro cya Sri Lanka kugera kuri 44% muri iki gihe bituma iba kimwe mu bihugu bifite igipimo cy’imisoro kiri hejuru muri iki cyiciro cy’ibiciro byombi. Isesengura ryakozwe n’ishyirahamwe ryohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Sri Lanka (SLAEA), iki gipimo cy’amahoro kizazamura mu buryo butaziguye ibiciro by’imyenda yoherezwa mu mahanga hafi 30%. Dufashe ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bya Sri Lanka - “imyenda y'imyenda ngororamubiri” - nk'urugero, igiciro cyoherezwa mu mahanga kuri metero cyari $ 8. Nyuma yo kongera ibiciro, igiciro cyazamutse kigera ku madolari 11.52, mu gihe igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bisa bitumizwa mu Buhinde na Vietnam ari $ 9- $ 10. Ihiganwa ryibiciro byibicuruzwa bya Sri Lankan ryarangiritse rwose.
Kugeza ubu, ibigo byinshi byohereza ibicuruzwa muri Sri Lanka byakiriye “amatangazo yo guhagarika ibicuruzwa” ku bakiriya ba Amerika. Kurugero, Brandix Group, Sri Lanka yohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu mahanga, yabanje gukora imyenda y'imbere mu marushanwa ya siporo yo muri Amerika Under Armor hamwe na buri kwezi ibicuruzwa 500.000. Noneho, kubera ibibazo byigiciro cyibiciro, Munsi yintwaro yohereje 30% byibyoherejwe mu nganda zo muri Vietnam. Urundi ruganda, Hirdaramani, rwatangaje ko niba ibiciro bitavanyweho, ubucuruzi bwohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika muri Amerika buzahomba mu gihe cy'amezi atatu, bityo bikaba byahatirwa gufunga inganda ebyiri ziri i Colombo, bikagira ingaruka ku mirimo 8000. Byongeye kandi, uruganda rukora imyenda rwa Sri Lanka rushingiye ku buryo bwo "gutunganya ibikoresho byatumijwe mu mahanga" (ibikoresho fatizo bitumizwa mu mahanga bingana na 70% bya byose). Guhagarika ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bizatuma habaho ibirarane by’ibikoresho fatizo, gufata imari shingiro y’imishinga no kurushaho kongera ibibazo by’imikorere.
III. Imirenge yo muri Amerika: Gutanga Urunigi Imvururu + Ibiciro Byinshi, Inganda Zifatiwe muri "Dilemma"
Politiki y’ibiciro bya guverinoma y’Amerika, isa nkaho yibasiye “abanywanyi bo mu mahanga”, mu byukuri yateje “ikibazo” ku nganda z’imyenda n’imyenda yo mu gihugu. Nk’umudugudu munini utumiza mu mahanga imyenda n’imyenda (hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bingana na miliyari 120 z'amadolari mu 2023), inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda yo muri Amerika zerekana urugero rw’umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu ndetse no gutumizwa mu mahanga biva mu mahanga - - inganda zo mu gihugu zikora cyane cyane ibikoresho fatizo nka pamba na fibre chimique, mu gihe 90% by’ibicuruzwa byarangiye bishingiye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Bangaladeshi na Sri Lanka ni isoko yingenzi yimyenda yo hagati-yo hasi-yimyenda yo hagati hamwe nimyenda yo hagati-yo hejuru-yo hejuru kuri Amerika
Iyongera ry'amahoro ryazamuye mu buryo butaziguye ibiciro by'amasoko y'ibigo by'imbere mu gihugu cya Amerika. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’imyenda n’imyenda y'Abanyamerika (AAFA) bwerekana ko impuzandengo y’inyungu y’abatanga imyenda n’imyenda yo muri Amerika ari 3% -5% gusa. Igiciro cya 37% -44% bivuze ko ibigo “bikurura ibiciro ubwabyo” (biganisha ku gihombo) cyangwa “kubitambutsa ibiciro birangiye”. Dufashe urugero rwa JC Penney, umucuruzi w’imbere muri Amerika, urugero, igiciro cyambere cyo kugurisha imyenda yaguzwe muri Bangladesh yari $ 49.9. Nyuma yo kongera ibiciro, niba inyungu yinyungu igomba gukomeza, igiciro cyo kugurisha kigomba kuzamuka kigera ku $ 68.9, kikaba cyiyongereyeho 40%. Niba igiciro kitiyongereye, inyungu kuri buri ipantaro izamanuka kuva $ 3 kugeza $ 0.5, hasigara inyungu.
Muri icyo gihe, gutanga amasoko bidashidikanywaho byashyize ibigo mu “kibazo cyo gufata ibyemezo”. Julia Hughes, Perezida wa AAFA, yerekanye mu nama y’inganda iherutse kwerekana ko ibigo by’Amerika byateganyaga kugabanya ingaruka mu “gutandukanya amasoko” (nko kohereza ibicuruzwa bimwe bivuye mu Bushinwa muri Bangladesh na Sri Lanka). Icyakora, kwiyongera gutunguranye kwa politiki y’imisoro byahungabanije gahunda zose: “Ibigo ntibizi igihugu kizakurikiraho guhura n’izamuka ry’imisoro, nta nubwo bazi igihe ibiciro by’imisoro bizamara. Ntibatinyuka gusinyana amasezerano y’igihe kirekire n’abashoramari bashya, tutibagiwe no gushora imari mu kubaka imiyoboro mishya itanga amasoko.” Kugeza ubu, 35% by'abatumiza mu mahanga imyenda yo muri Amerika bavuze ko "bazahagarika gushyira umukono ku masezerano mashya", naho 28% by'ibigo byatangiye kongera gusuzuma imiyoboro yabyo, harebwa kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Mexico ndetse no mu bihugu byo muri Amerika yo Hagati bitarimo imisoro. Nyamara, ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro muri utwo turere ni buke (gusa bushobora gutwara 15% by’imyenda yo muri Amerika itumizwa mu mahanga), ku buryo bigoye kuziba icyuho cy’isoko cyasizwe na Bangladesh na Sri Lanka mu gihe gito.
Byongeye kandi, abakoresha Amerika amaherezo "bazakandagira". Imibare yaturutse mu biro bishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika yerekana ko kuva mu 2024, igipimo cy’ibiciro by’umuguzi muri Amerika (CPI) cy’imyenda cyazamutseho 3,2% umwaka ushize. Gukomeza fermentation ya politiki y’ibiciro bishobora gutuma 5% -7% byiyongera ku biciro by’imyenda mu mpera z’umwaka, bikarushaho gukaza umurego w’ifaranga. Ku matsinda yinjiza make, amafaranga akoreshwa mu myambaro afite umubare munini ugereranije n’amafaranga yinjira (hafi 8%), kandi izamuka ry’ibiciro rizagira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwabo bwo gukoresha, bityo bikagabanya isoko ry’imyenda yo muri Amerika yo mu gihugu.
IV. Kongera kubaka urunigi rwogutanga amasoko yisi yose: Akaduruvayo k'igihe gito hamwe no guhuza igihe kirekire
Kuba Amerika yazamuye imisoro kuri Bangladesh na Sri Lanka ahanini ni microcosm ya “geopolitisation” y’urwego rutanga imyenda ku isi. Mu gihe gito, iyi politiki yatumye habaho “akarere ka vacuum” ku isi hose hagati y’imyenda yo hagati y’imyenda yo hagati y’imyenda - igihombo cy’ibicuruzwa muri Bangladesh na Sri Lanka ntigishobora kwakirwa n’ibindi bihugu mu gihe gito, gishobora guteza “ibura ry’ibarura” kuri bamwe mu bacuruzi bo muri Amerika. Muri icyo gihe, igabanuka ry’inganda z’imyenda muri ibi bihugu byombi bizanagira ingaruka ku isabwa ry’ibikoresho fatizo byo mu mahanga nka pamba na fibre chimique, bizatera ingaruka zitaziguye ku bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga nka Amerika n'Ubuhinde.
Mu gihe kirekire, urwego rwogutanga imyenda ku isi rushobora kwihutisha guhindura “hafi” no “gutandukana”: Ibigo by’Amerika birashobora gukomeza kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Mexico na Kanada (byishimira ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hakurikijwe amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’amajyaruguru ya Amerika), ibigo by’i Burayi birashobora kongera amasoko ava muri Turukiya na Maroc, mu gihe inganda z’imyenda y’Ubushinwa zishobora kwifashisha ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bikarangira ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. (nk'imyenda ikora n'imyenda yangiza ibidukikije) yimuwe muri Bangladesh na Sri Lanka. Nyamara, iyi gahunda yo guhindura ibintu izatwara igihe (ugereranije imyaka 1-2) kandi izajyana nigiciro cyiyongereye cyo kongera amasoko yo kongera amasoko, bikagorana kugabanya byimazeyo imvururu zatewe ninganda mugihe gito.
Ku bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bw’abashinwa, iki cyiciro cy’imivurungano y’imisoro kizana ibibazo byombi (bikeneye guhangana n’ibibazo bidakenewe ku isi no guhatanira amasoko) n'amahirwe yihishe. Bashobora gushimangira ubufatanye n’inganda zaho muri Bangladesh na Sri Lanka (nko gutanga inkunga ya tekiniki n’umusaruro uhuriweho) kugirango birinde inzitizi z’amahoro muri Amerika. Muri icyo gihe, barashobora kongera imbaraga mu gucukumbura amasoko agaragara nko mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya na Afurika, bikagabanya kwishingikiriza ku isoko rimwe mu Burayi no muri Amerika, bityo bakabona umwanya mwiza mu iyubakwa ry’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa ku isi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-16-2025