Iheruka gusohora icyifuzo gishya cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyo kugabanya ibintu- na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) mu myenda byitabiriwe cyane n’inganda z’imyenda ku isi. Icyifuzo ntigishimangira gusa imipaka isigaye ya PFAS ahubwo inagura ibicuruzwa byagenwe. Biteganijwe ko bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku Bushinwa bwohereza imyenda mu bihugu by’Uburayi. Nk’ibihugu byinshi bitanga imyenda mu bihugu by’Uburayi, Ubushinwa bwohereza miliyari 12,7 € buri mwaka mu bihugu by’Uburayi. Ibigo bifitanye isano bigomba gutegura mbere yo kugabanya ingaruka z’ubucuruzi.
I. Ibikubiye mubyifuzo: "Kumeze nkurutare" Kwizirika imipaka no kwaguka kwuzuye
Iki cyifuzo gishya cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi PFAS kirenze uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura ibipimo; ahubwo, byerekana intambwe mu mbaraga zombi zo kugenzura no gukwirakwiza, kurenza cyane amabwiriza yabanjirije.
1. Imipaka yamanuwe kuva 50ppm igera kuri 1ppm, yongera umurongo inshuro 50.
PFAS, kubera amazi-, amavuta-, hamwe n’imiterere irwanya ikizinga, ikoreshwa cyane mu myenda nk'imyenda yo hanze, imyenda ya siporo, n'imyenda yo mu rugo (nka matelas idakoresha amazi n'imyenda idakira). Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wasangaga PFAS mu myenda yari 50ppm (ibice 50 kuri miliyoni), ariko icyifuzo gishya kigabanya imipaka kugeza kuri 1ppm, bisaba neza ko ibisigazwa bya PFAS mu myenda byakomeza kugera ku rwego rwa “hafi-zeru”.
Iri hindurwa ryerekana impungenge z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’ibidukikije n’ubuzima bwa PFAS. PFAS izwi ku izina rya “imiti ihoraho,” iragoye kwangirika mu bidukikije kandi irashobora kwirundanyiriza mu biribwa, bikaba bishobora kwangiza endocrine ya muntu ndetse na sisitemu z'umubiri. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wateje imbere ingamba za “PFAS zidafite ibidukikije” mu myaka yashize, kandi uku gukaza umurego ku myenda ni ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba mu rwego rw’umuguzi.
2. Gupfukirana Ibyiciro Byose, Hafi Hafi Nta myenda isonewe
Icyifuzo gishya kivanaho ubukungu bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kugenzura PFAS mu myenda, kwagura uburyo bwo kugenzura kuva “imyenda ikora” kugeza ku byiciro byose by’imyenda:
Imyambarire: harimo kwambara hanze, imyenda ya siporo, kwambara kwabana, kwambara bisanzwe, imyenda y'imbere, nibindi.;
Imyenda yo murugo:gupfuka matelas, impapuro, umwenda, itapi, umusego, nibindi.;
Imyenda y'inganda:nk'amahema adakoresha amazi, izuba, hamwe nimyenda ikingira ubuvuzi.
Ibidasanzwe gusa ni "imyenda y'ibanze ikozwe muri fibre karemano itavuwe neza" (nk'imyenda idahwitse, idatwikiriwe neza). Nyamara, ibyo bicuruzwa bifite igice gito cyane cy’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi, kandi umubare munini w’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa byohereza mu bihugu by’Uburayi bizagenzurwa.
3. Igihe ntarengwa: Nyuma yiminsi 60 yo gutanga ibitekerezo kumugaragaro, amabwiriza ashobora gukurikizwa mumwaka wa 2026.
Icyifuzo cyinjiye mugihe cyo gutanga ibitekerezo kumugaragaro, kizamara iminsi 60 (guhera umunsi byatangarijwe) kandi kigamije cyane cyane gukusanya ibitekerezo mubihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, amashyirahamwe y’inganda, ubucuruzi, ndetse n’abaturage. Urebye ku muvuduko wa politiki y’ibidukikije y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu bihe byashize, ibyifuzo nk'ibi ntibishobora guhinduka nyuma y’igihe cyo gutanga ibitekerezo. Biteganijwe ko gahunda y’amategeko izarangira mu mpera za 2025, ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2026.
Ibi bivuze ko amasosiyete yimyenda yubushinwa afite "buffer period" yimyaka hafi imwe cyangwa ibiri, mugihe bagomba kurangiza ivugurura ryikoranabuhanga, guhindura imiyoboro yabo, no kunoza inzira zabo zo kwipimisha. Bitabaye ibyo, bashobora guhura n’ibicuruzwa byabo, bagasubizwa, cyangwa bakanacibwa amande na gasutamo y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.
II. Ingaruka zitaziguye ku bucuruzi bw’imyenda mu Bushinwa: Isoko rya miliyari 12.7 y’isoko ryohereza mu mahanga rihura n’ikizamini cyo kubahiriza ”
Ubushinwa n’isoko ry’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitumiza mu mahanga imyenda. Mu 2024, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi bwageze kuri miliyari 12.7 z'amayero (hafi miliyari 98 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda), bingana na 23% by'ibihugu by’Uburayi byinjira mu mahanga. Ibi birimo amasosiyete arenga 20.000 yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, harimo intara zikomeye zohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nka Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, na Fujian. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’icyifuzo gishya rizagira ingaruka zitaziguye ku masosiyete y’Abashinwa mu bijyanye n’ibiciro, ibicuruzwa, hamwe n’urunigi rutangwa.
1. Kongera umuvuduko ukabije wibiciro: Guhindura uburyo bwa fluorine no kugerageza byihariye birahenze.
Ku masosiyete yo mu Bushinwa, kuzuza igipimo cya 1ppm bikubiyemo ibiciro bibiri byingenzi:
Ibiciro byo guhindura tekinoloji: Inzira gakondo zirimo fluor (nkizikoresha fluor zirimo amazi-yangiza amazi) zigomba gusimburwa rwose nuburyo butarimo fluor. Ibi bikubiyemo kugura florine idafite amazi, guhindura imikorere (nkubushyuhe bwo guteka nubuhanga bwo gusiga), hamwe no kuzamura ibikoresho. Kurugero, kubisosiyete iciriritse iciriritse hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga buri mwaka mu bihugu by’Uburayi ingana na miliyoni 10 z’amadolari y’Amerika, igiciro cy’amasoko y’abafasha badafite fluor cyonyine cyaba kiri hejuru ya 30% -50% ugereranije n’abafasha gakondo, kandi amafaranga yo guhindura ibikoresho ateganijwe kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi.
Kongera amafaranga yo kwipimisha: Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi urasaba imyenda gutsinda “ibizamini byihariye bya PFAS” mbere yo kohereza mu mahanga, kandi raporo igomba gutangwa n’ikigo cy’ibizamini cyemewe n’Uburayi. Kugeza ubu, ikiguzi cyikizamini kimwe cya PFAS ni hafi € 800-1,500 kuri buri cyiciro. Mbere, munsi ya 50ppm ntarengwa, ibigo byinshi byari bikenewe gusa kugenzura ibibanza. Hamwe nicyifuzo gishya, hazakenerwa ibizamini byitsinda. Ku isosiyete yohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga buri mwaka, ibiciro byo kwipimisha buri mwaka biziyongeraho 80.000-150.000 € (hafi miliyoni 620.000-1.17).
2. Kongera ibyago byo gutumiza: Abaguzi ba EU barashobora kwimuka kubanza gutanga ibicuruzwa
Ibiranga Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (nka ZARA, H&M, na Uniqlo Europe) bifite ibisabwa cyane kugirango hubahirizwe amasoko. Nyuma yo gusohora icyifuzo gishya, bamwe mubaguzi ba EU batangiye guhindura ingamba zabo zo gushakisha:
Abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa basabwa gutanga "icyemezo cya florine idafite ibyemezo" na "raporo y'ibizamini bya PFAS" mbere, ukuyemo ibyo baguze.
Kubera guhangayikishwa n’ingaruka zo kubahiriza, bimwe mu bicuruzwa bito n'ibiciriritse byagabanije amasoko aturuka mu Bushinwa kandi bimukira ku batanga ibicuruzwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi cyangwa mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (nka Vietnam na Bangladesh). Nubwo amasosiyete yo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya nayo ahura n’ibibazo bya tekinike, abaguzi b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bahitamo “kugenzura aho.”
Ku masosiyete mato mato mato yo mu Bushinwa y’imyenda, kunanirwa kubahiriza byihuse ibisabwa bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bitakaza. Ibigo binini, nubwo bishoboye kwishyura ibiciro byo kuvugurura, bizakenera kandi kongera kuganira kubiciro byabaguzi ba EU, bikuraho inyungu zabo.
3. Kongera ibyago byo kugenzura gasutamo: Ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa bizafungwa kandi bigaruke.
Gasutamo y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi izahinduka “umuyobozi” w'icyifuzo gishya. Nibishyirwa mu bikorwa, gasutamo y’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi izashimangira icyitegererezo cya PFAS no kugerageza imyenda yatumijwe mu mahanga. Ibirimo byose bya PFAS birenze 1 ppm bizaviramo gufungirwa kumurongo, kandi ibigo bizasabwa gutanga raporo yinyongera yikizamini mugihe cyagenwe. Niba kutubahiriza ibyemezo byemejwe, ibicuruzwa bizasubizwa ku gahato, kandi isosiyete irashobora gushyirwa ku rutonde rwa gasutamo y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi “urutonde rw’ibanze,” ikongera igipimo cy’igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bikagera kuri 50%.
Amabwiriza y’ibidukikije y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ku myenda (nka REACH na azo irangi ry’irangi) yamaze gutuma amasosiyete amwe yo mu Bushinwa ahura n’ibicuruzwa kubera kutayubahiriza. Hamwe nimipaka mishya, ikomeye ya PFAS, ibyago byo kwangwa biteganijwe kwiyongera cyane. Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu rugaga rw’ubucuruzi rwo mu Bushinwa rwo gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga imyenda n’imyenda, igipimo cy’imyenda y’abashinwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi kubera ibibazo by’ibidukikije kizaba hafi 1,2% mu 2024. Iki gipimo gishobora kurenga 3% nyuma y’uko icyifuzo gishya gitangiye gukurikizwa.
III. Inzira yo Gusubiza Amasosiyete Yimyenda Yabashinwa: Kuva "Kwubahiriza Ibikorwa" kugeza kuri "Guteza Imbere"
Mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’icyifuzo gishya cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, amasosiyete y’imyenda yo mu Bushinwa agomba kureka imitekerereze y’igisubizo cy’agateganyo ahubwo akubaka ubushobozi bw’igihe kirekire bwo kubahiriza ikoranabuhanga, urwego rutanga amasoko, ndetse n’urwego rw’isoko, bigahindura “ibiciro byo kubahiriza” “inyungu zo guhatanira.”
1. Ikoranabuhanga: Kwihutisha gusimbuza inzira idafite fluor kugirango ifate "tekinoroji yicyatsi" ahantu hirengeye.
Inzira idafite florine ni urufunguzo rwo kubahiriza imipaka y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Isosiyete irashobora guteza imbere ihinduka ryikoranabuhanga muburyo bubiri:
Shyira imbere ikoreshwa ryinyongeramusaruro zidafite fluorine: Ibicuruzwa bitarimo florine kuri ubu biraboneka ku isoko rishobora gusimbuza imiti irimo florine, nk'ibiti bivangwa n’amazi biterwa n’ibiti hamwe na polyurethane. Mugihe ibyo bicuruzwa bihenze cyane, tekiniki zabo zaragaragaye (urugero, ibirango by'imikino nka Anta na Li Ning bimaze gufata inzira yo kurwanya amazi ya fluor idafite imyenda yo hanze).
Gufatanya n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ridahenze: Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse birashobora gufatanya na za kaminuza n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu nganda (nka China Textile Science Academy) gukora “ubushakashatsi bwo kugabanya ibiciro bya fluor.” Kurugero, mugutezimbere ibipimo byongeweho no kunoza imikorere yumusaruro, igiciro cyibikorwa bya fluor idafite irashobora kugabanuka.
Byongeye kandi, ibigo birashobora gushakisha uburyo bwa "fibre naturel + yogutezimbere imikorere" - urugero, gukoresha uburyo bwa antibacterial naturel hamwe nubushuhe bukurura ibintu bya flax na bamboo fibre kugirango bigabanye kwishingikiriza kumikorere ya PFAS. Ibi na byo, birema ibicuruzwa "bisanzwe + byangiza ibidukikije" byo kugurisha ibicuruzwa kugirango byongere ibicuruzwa kubakiriya ba EU.
2.
Kubahiriza ntabwo ari ikibazo cy "umusaruro-uruhande" gusa; bigomba gushyirwa mubikorwa murwego rwose rwo gutanga:
Upstream Raw Material Control: Shyira umukono kuri "Amasezerano yo gutanga PFAS-Yubusa" hamwe nabatanga imyenda hamwe ninganda ziyongera, bisaba amasosiyete yo hejuru gutanga raporo yikizamini cya PFAS kubikoresho byabo fatizo kugirango bakureho umwanda ku isoko;
Gukurikirana uburyo bwo Gukora Hagati: Gushiraho “PFAS Igenzura” mu mahugurwa y’umusaruro, nko guhora ugerageza urwego rusigara mu bigega byo gusiga amarangi n'ibikoresho byo gutwikira kugirango wirinde kwanduzanya;
Kwipimisha Byibanze Byibanze: Irinde kwishingikiriza kuri "nyuma yikizamini" na gasutamo ya EU. Ahubwo, komisiyo ishinzwe ibizamini byemewe mu gihugu, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (nka SGS Ubushinwa na Intertek China) gukora ibizamini bya PFAS byihariye mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ibi byemeza ko raporo zubahiriza ibipimo by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi bikagabanya ingaruka z’imisoro.
3. Isoko: Gutandukanya no guharanira "Kwubahiriza Premium"
Guhura n’igitutu cyo kubahiriza isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, amasosiyete ashobora gufata ingamba ebyiri:
Kwagura amasoko atari Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kugira ngo utandukanye ingaruka: Kongera imbaraga mu gucukumbura amasoko agaragara nka Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, na Amerika yepfo. Kuri ubu aya masoko afite amabwiriza arenze kuri PFAS (urugero, Burezili n'Ubuhinde ntibaratanga imipaka ya PFAS kumyenda), ishobora kuba "icyuzuzo" ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi;
Duharanire "Kwubahiriza Premium" kubaguzi ba EU: Sobanura neza igiciro cyiyongereye cyibikorwa bya fluor kubatunze ibicuruzwa bya EU kandi muganire kubiciro byibicuruzwa. Mubyukuri, abakoresha EU bafite ubushake bwo kwishyura “ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije.” Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abaguzi b’i Burayi, imyenda yanditseho “PFAS-free” irashobora gutegeka 10% -15%. Isosiyete irashobora kugenzura ibiciro ishimangira “ibiranga ibidukikije.”
IV. Inganda na Politiki Inkunga: Kugabanya imitwaro no guha imbaraga imishinga
Usibye ibisubizo by’ibigo ubwabyo, amashyirahamwe y’inganda n’amashami ya leta nabyo bifasha cyane inganda z’ubucuruzi bw’imyenda y’ubushinwa:
Amashyirahamwe y’inganda arimo gushyiraho “igisubizo n’itumanaho”: Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi mu Bushinwa rwo gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga imyenda n’imyenda yateguye “Inama nshya yo gusobanura ibyifuzo by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi,” itumira abanyamategeko n’inzobere mu gupima ibibazo by’ibigo. Barateganya kandi gushyiraho "isomero ridafite uburyo bwo gusaranganya ikoranabuhanga rya fluor" kugira ngo bafashe ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse kugabanya inzitizi z’ikoranabuhanga zinjira.
Inzego z’ibanze zitanga “inkunga yo guhindura tekinike”: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, n’izindi ntara zashyize “guhindura imikorere ya fluor idafite imyenda” muri politiki y’ubucuruzi y’ububanyi n’amahanga. Ibigo birashobora gusaba inkunga igera kuri 30% yikiguzi cyo guhindura tekiniki kandi ikishimira amafaranga yikizamini.
Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi irimo guteza imbere “Ikiganiro cy’ubuziranenge bw’Ubushinwa n’Uburayi”: Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi yashyikirije Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ibyifuzo by’ibihugu by’Uburayi binyuze mu buryo bwa komite ishinzwe ubukungu n’ubucuruzi by’Ubushinwa n’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi, kandi ikora ibishoboka kugira ngo hashyizweho “igihe cy’inzibacyuho” nyuma y’uko iki cyifuzo gitangiye gukurikizwa kugira ngo imishinga mito n'iciriritse ibone igihe kinini cyo guhindura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-18-2025