Pa Ogasiti 5, 2025, India ndi United Kingdom adakhazikitsa mwalamulo Mgwirizano Wazachuma ndi Zamalonda (womwe umatchedwa "India-UK FTA"). Mgwirizano wodziwika bwinowu ukungosintha ubale wachuma ndi malonda pakati pa mayiko awiriwa komanso kubweretsa mavuto m'gawo lazamalonda lamayiko akunja padziko lonse lapansi. Zopereka za "zero-tariff" zamakampani opanga nsalu mumgwirizanowu zikulembanso mwachindunji momwe msika wamalonda waku UK waku UK ukuyendera, makamaka zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kumakampani ogulitsa nsalu aku China omwe akhala akulamulira msika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Pakatikati pa Panganoli: Zero Tariffs pamagulu 1,143 a Zovala, India Ikufuna Msika Wowonjezera waku UK
Makampani opanga nsalu amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa omwe apindula kwambiri ndi India-UK FTA: magulu 1,143 a nsalu (omwe amaphimba zigawo zazikulu monga thonje, nsalu yotuwa, zovala zopangidwa kale, ndi nsalu zapakhomo) zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku India kupita ku UK samasulidwa kwathunthu kumitengo, kuwerengera pafupifupi 85% yazinthu zomwe zili pamndandanda waku UK. Izi zisanachitike, nsalu zaku India zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku UK zinali zolipira kuyambira 5% mpaka 12%, pomwe zinthu zina zochokera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo akulu monga China ndi Bangladesh zinali kale ndi misonkho yotsika pansi pa Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) kapena mapangano apakati.
Kuchotsa kwathunthu kwamitengo yamitengo kwakweza mwachindunji kupikisana kwamitengo ya nsalu zaku India pamsika waku UK. Malinga ndi mawerengedwe a Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI), pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa msonkho, mtengo wa Indian zovala zokonzeka ku UK msika ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi 6% -8%. Kusiyana kwamitengo pakati pa zinthu za ku India ndi ku China kudzachepa kuchoka pa 3% -5% mpaka kuchepera 1%, ndipo zinthu zina zotsika mpaka zotsika zimatha kutengera mtengo wake kapena kuposa za China.
Pankhani ya kukula kwa msika, UK ndiye wachitatu padziko lonse wogulitsa nsalu ku Europe, wokhala ndi ndalama zogulira zovala pachaka za USD 26.95 biliyoni (data ya 2024). Pakati pa izi, zovala zimakhala 62%, nsalu zapakhomo 23%, ndi nsalu ndi ulusi 15%. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kudalira unyolo wake wathunthu wamafakitale, mtundu wokhazikika, komanso zabwino zazikulu, China yatenga 28% ya msika waku UK wogulitsira nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yogulitsa kwambiri nsalu ku UK. Ngakhale kuti India ndi dziko lachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi opanga nsalu, gawo lake pamsika waku UK ndi 6.6% yokha, makamaka ikuyang'ana pazinthu zapakatikati monga thonje ndi nsalu zotuwa, zokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba zomwe zidapangidwa kale zogulitsa kunja zomwe zimatengera zosakwana 30%.
Kuyamba kugwira ntchito kwa India-UK FTA kwatsegula "zenera lowonjezera" lamakampani opanga nsalu ku India. M'mawu omwe adatulutsidwa mgwirizanowu utayamba kugwira ntchito, Unduna wa Zovala ku India udafotokoza momveka bwino cholinga chake chokweza nsalu ku UK kuchokera ku $ 1.78 biliyoni mu 2024 mpaka $ 5 biliyoni m'zaka zitatu zikubwerazi, ndikugawana msika ukupitilira 18%. Izi zikutanthauza kuti India ikukonzekera kupatutsa pafupifupi 11.4 peresenti kuchokera kugawo lomwe lilipo pamsika, ndipo China, monga wogulitsa wamkulu pamsika waku UK, ikhala chandamale chake chachikulu chakupikisana.
Zovuta za Makampani Opangira Zovala ku China: Kupanikizika Pamisika Yapakatikati-mpaka-Kumapeto, Ubwino Wopereka Zautundu Umakhalabe Koma Kusamala Kumafunika
Kwa mabizinesi ogulitsa nsalu zaku China, zovuta zomwe India-UK FTA zimadzetsa zimayang'ana kwambiri gawo lazogulitsa zapakati mpaka zotsika. Pakadali pano, zovala zokonzeka zapakati mpaka zotsika (monga kuvala wamba ndi nsalu zapakhomo) zimatengera pafupifupi 45% ya nsalu zaku China zomwe zimatumizidwa ku UK. Zogulitsazi zili ndi zotchinga zochepa zaukadaulo, mpikisano wowopsa wofanana, ndipo mtengo ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chopikisana. India, yomwe ili ndi zabwino pamitengo ya ogwira ntchito (malipiro apamwezi a ogwira ntchito ku India ndi pafupifupi 1/3 ya omwe ali ku China) ndi zinthu za thonje (India ndiye dziko lopanga thonje lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi), kuphatikiza ndi kutsika kwamitengo, zitha kukopa ogulitsa aku UK kuti asamutsire gawo lawo lapakati mpaka otsika ku India.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro amakampani enieni, njira zogulira za ogulitsa akuluakulu aku UK (monga Marks & Spencer, Primark, ndi ASDA) awonetsa zizindikiro zakusintha. Malinga ndi magwero amakampani, Primark adasaina mapangano operekera nthawi yayitali ndi mafakitale atatu aku India aku India ndipo akufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zogula zapakati mpaka zotsika kuyambira 10% mpaka 30%. Marks & Spencer adanenanso kuti iwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zogula za nsalu zapakhomo zopangidwa ku India mu 2025-2026 autumn ndi nyengo yachisanu, ndi gawo loyambirira la 15%.
Komabe, makampani opanga nsalu aku China alibe chitetezo. Kukhulupirika kwa unyolo wa mafakitale ndi ubwino wa zinthu zamtengo wapatali zowonjezera zimakhalabe chinsinsi chotsutsa mpikisano. Kumbali imodzi, China ili ndi dongosolo lathunthu la unyolo wa mafakitale kuchokera ku ulusi wamankhwala, kupota, kuluka, kusindikiza ndi utoto kupita ku zovala zopangidwa kale. Kuthamanga kwachangu kwamafakitale (okhala ndi nthawi yotumizira maoda pafupifupi masiku 20) ndikothamanga kwambiri kuposa ku India (pafupifupi masiku 35-40), komwe kuli kofunikira pamafashoni othamanga omwe amafunikira kubwereza mwachangu. Kumbali ina, luso laukadaulo la China pakudzikundikira komanso luso lopanga luso lazovala zapamwamba (monga nsalu zogwirira ntchito, zopangidwa ndi ulusi wopangidwanso, ndi nsalu zanzeru) ndizovuta kuti India adutse pakanthawi kochepa. Mwachitsanzo, ku China kugulitsa kunja kwa nsalu za polyester zobwezerezedwanso ndi nsalu zapakhomo zolimbana ndi mabakiteriya ku UK ku akaunti yopitilira 40% ya msika waku UK, makamaka kulunjika makasitomala amtundu wapakatikati mpaka apamwamba, ndipo gawo ili silikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mitengo yamitengo.
Kuphatikiza apo, "mawonekedwe apadziko lonse lapansi" amakampani opanga nsalu aku China akutetezanso kuopsa kwa msika umodzi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabizinesi ambiri opangira nsalu aku China akhazikitsa maziko opangira zinthu ku Southeast Asia ndi Africa kuti alowe mumsika waku Europe potengera zomwe amakonda. Mwachitsanzo, fakitale yaku Vietnam yaku Shenzhou International imatha kusangalala ndi ziro kudzera mu mgwirizano wa EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, ndipo zovala zake zamasewera zimatumiza ku akaunti yaku UK pa 22% ya msika waku UK wa zovala zamasewera. Gawo ili la bizinesi silikukhudzidwa kwakanthawi ndi India-UK FTA.
Zowonjezereka Zamakampani: Kuchulukitsa Kwachangu kwa Gulu Lazinthu Zopangira Zovala Padziko Lonse, Mabizinesi Ayenera Kuyika Kwambiri pa "Mpikisano Wosiyana"
Kuyamba kugwira ntchito kwa India-UK FTA ndi gawo lalikulu la zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi za "regionalization" ndi "mgwirizano motengera" chitukuko cha nsalu zogulitsira nsalu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mapangano amalonda aulere a mayiko awiri monga EU-Indonesia FTA, UK-India FTA, ndi US-Vietnam FTA amalizidwa mwamphamvu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu ndikumanga "maketani apafupi ndi gombe" kapena "maketani othandizira" kudzera pazokonda zamitengo, ndipo izi ndikukonzanso malamulo a malonda a nsalu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kwa makampani opanga nsalu padziko lonse lapansi, njira zoyankhira ziyenera kuyang'ana pa "kusiyana":
Mabizinesi aku India: Pakanthawi kochepa, akuyenera kuthana ndi zovuta monga kusakwanira kwa kupanga ndi kukhazikika kwazinthu zogulitsira (mwachitsanzo, kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya thonje, kusowa kwa magetsi) kuti apewe kuchedwa kobwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maoda. M'kupita kwa nthawi, akuyenera kuonjezera chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zili ndi mtengo wapatali ndikusiya kudalira msika wapakati mpaka wotsika.
Mabizinesi aku China: Kumbali imodzi, amatha kuphatikizira gawo lawo pamsika wapamwamba kwambiri kudzera pakukweza kwaukadaulo (mwachitsanzo, kupanga nsalu zoteteza zachilengedwe ndi ulusi wogwira ntchito). Kumbali inayi, atha kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wozama ndi ma brand aku UK (mwachitsanzo, kupereka mapangidwe makonda ndi ntchito zoperekera chithandizo mwachangu) kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika kwamakasitomala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, angagwiritse ntchito njira ya "Belt ndi Road" kuti apewe zopinga za msonkho kupyolera mu transshipment kudzera m'mayiko achitatu kapena kupanga kunja.
Ogulitsa ku UK: Ayenera kukhala ndi malire pakati pa mtengo ndi kukhazikika kwa chain chain. Ngakhale zinthu zaku India zili ndi zabwino zambiri pamitengo, zimayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu zautundu. Zogulitsa zaku China, ngakhale zokwera pang'ono pamtengo, zimapereka mtundu wotsimikizika komanso kukhazikika koperekera. Zikuyembekezeka kuti msika waku UK upereka njira ziwiri zoperekera "zapamwamba kuchokera ku China + zapakati mpaka zotsika kuchokera ku India" mtsogolomo.
Nthawi zambiri, zotsatira za India-UK FTA pamakampani opanga nsalu sizo "zosokoneza" koma zimalimbikitsa kukweza kwa mpikisano wamsika kuchokera ku "nkhondo zamitengo" kupita ku "nkhondo zamtengo wapatali". Kwa mabizinesi aku China omwe amatumiza nsalu kunja, akuyenera kukhala tcheru kuti apewe kutayika kwa msika wapakati mpaka otsika pakanthawi kochepa, ndipo m'kupita kwanthawi, apange maubwino atsopano opikisana nawo pansi pa malamulo atsopano amalonda kudzera pakukweza kwa mafakitale ndi masanjidwe apadziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-22-2025