Posachedwa, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) idapereka chidziwitso, kulengeza kuti kuyambira pa Ogasiti 28, 2024, ikhazikitsa chiphaso chovomerezeka cha BIS pamakina opanga nsalu (zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja komanso zopangidwa kunyumba). Ndondomekoyi imakhudza zida zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga nsalu, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuwongolera kupezeka kwa msika, kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha zida ndi miyezo yapamwamba. Pakadali pano, ikhudza mwachindunji ogulitsa makina opanga nsalu padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka opanga ochokera kumaiko akuluakulu monga China, Germany, ndi Italy.
I. Kuwunika kwa Core Policy Content
Dongosolo la certification la BIS ili silimakhudza makina onse a nsalu koma limayang'ana kwambiri zida zopangira nsalu, zokhala ndi matanthauzidwe omveka amiyezo ya ziphaso, mizungulire, ndi mtengo wake. Tsatanetsatane watsatanetsatane ndi izi:
1. Kuchuluka kwa Zida Zophimbidwa ndi Certification
Chidziwitsochi chikuphatikizanso mitundu iwiri yamakina ofunikira a nsalu pamndandanda wovomerezeka wa ziphaso, zonse zomwe ndi zida zoyambira kupanga nsalu ndi kukonza mozama:
- Makina oluka: Kuphimba mitundu yodziwika bwino monga zoulutsira ndege za ndege, zowomba zamadzi, zowomba pamadzi, zida zoluka, ndi zida zoluka. Zidazi ndi zida zazikulu zopangira nsalu mu kupota kwa thonje, kupota kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi CHIKWANGWANI, ndi zina zambiri, ndikuzindikira mwachindunji kuluka bwino komanso mtundu wa nsalu.
- Makina opangira nsalu: Kuphatikizira zida zosiyanasiyana zokometsera zamakompyuta monga makina otsuka athyathyathya, makina ojambulira thaulo, ndi makina opaka utoto wa sequin. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza zokongoletsa za zovala ndi zovala zapakhomo, ndipo ndi zida zofunika kwambiri pazolumikizira zamtengo wapatali zamakampani opanga nsalu.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ndondomekoyi pakadali pano siyikuphatikiza zida za m'mwamba kapena zapakati monga makina opota (monga mafelemu ozungulira, mafelemu opota) ndi makina osindikizira / opaka utoto (monga makina oyika, makina odaya). Komabe, makampani nthawi zambiri amaneneratu kuti dziko la India likhoza kukulitsa pang'onopang'ono gulu la makina opangira nsalu malinga ndi certification ya BIS mtsogolomo kuti akwaniritse kuwongolera kwabwino kwa mafakitale onse.
2. Miyezo Yotsimikizika Yotsimikizika ndi Zofunikira Zaukadaulo
Makina onse opangira nsalu omwe akuphatikizidwa pachiphaso cha certification akuyenera kutsatira mfundo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zokhazikitsidwa ndi boma la India, zomwe zili ndi zisonyezo zomveka bwino pankhani ya chitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu:
- IS 14660 Standard: Dzina Lonse Makina Opangira Zovala - Makina Oluka - Zofunikira Zachitetezo. Imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwongolera chitetezo chamakina (mwachitsanzo, zida zodzitchinjiriza, ntchito zoyimitsa mwadzidzidzi), chitetezo chamagetsi (mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito, zofunikira zoyambira pansi), komanso chitetezo chantchito (mwachitsanzo, kupewa phokoso, zizindikiritso zopewera kugwedezeka) kwamakina oluka kuti apewe kuvulala kwa anthu ogwira ntchito panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zida.
- IS 15850 Standard: Dzina lonse la Makina Opangira Zovala - Makina Opangira Zovala - Magwiridwe ndi Chitetezo. Kuphatikiza pa kuphimba zofunikira zachitetezo zofanana ndi zamakina oluka, imayikanso patsogolo zofunikira pakusoka molondola (mwachitsanzo, cholakwika cha kutalika kwa nsonga, kubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe), kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito (mwachitsanzo, nthawi yopitilirabe yopanda vuto), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakina okongoletsera kuti zitsimikizire kuti zidazo zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zopangira mabizinesi aku India.
Mabizinesi akuyenera kuzindikira kuti miyezo iwiriyi siyofanana kwathunthu ndi miyezo ya ISO yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo, ISO 12100 makina otetezedwa). Zina mwaukadaulo (monga kusintha kwa ma voltage ndi kusinthika kwa chilengedwe) ziyenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi momwe grid yamagetsi yaku India ilili komanso nyengo, zomwe zimafuna kusinthidwa kwa zida zomwe akuwunikira komanso kuyesa.
3. Certification Cycle and Process
- Malinga ndi njira yomwe BIS idawululira, mabizinesi amayenera kudutsa maulalo anayi kuti amalize ziphaso, ndikuzungulira pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Njira yake ndi motere:Kupereka Ntchito: Mabizinesi akuyenera kutumiza chiphaso cha certification ku BIS, chotsagana ndi zikalata zaukadaulo za zida (mwachitsanzo, zojambula zamapangidwe, mapepala aukadaulo), mafotokozedwe opangira, ndi zida zina.
- Kuyesa Zitsanzo: Ma labotale osankhidwa ndi BIS aziyesa zinthu zonse pazitsanzo za zida zomwe mabizinesi apereka, kuphatikiza kuyesa magwiridwe antchito, kuyesa magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuyesa kulimba. Ngati kuyezetsa sikulephera, mabizinesi amayenera kukonza zitsanzozo ndikuzipereka kuti ziyesedwenso.
- Kuwunika Kwa Fakitale: Ngati kuyesa kwachitsanzo kupitilira, owerengera a BIS azifufuza pamalowo pafakitale yopanga mabizinesi kuti atsimikizire ngati zida zopangira, makina owongolera, ndi njira zogulira zinthu zopangira zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za certification.
- Kupereka Satifiketi: Kuwunika kwa fakitale kukachitika, BIS ipereka satifiketi ya certification mkati mwa masiku 10-15 ogwira ntchito. Satifiketiyi imakhala yovomerezeka kwa zaka 2-3 ndipo imafuna kuunikanso ntchito isanathe.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngati bizinesi ndi "yogulitsa kunja" (mwachitsanzo, zida zimapangidwira kunja kwa India), ziyeneranso kupereka zowonjezera monga chiphaso cha qualification ya wothandizila waku India wa komweko komanso kufotokozera njira yolengezetsa zakunja kwakunja, zomwe zitha kukulitsa nthawi yopereka ziphaso pakadutsa milungu 1-2.
4. Mtengo Wotsimikizira Kuwonjezeka ndi Kupanga
Ngakhale kuti chidziwitsocho sichikulongosola momveka bwino kuchuluka kwa ndalama za chiphaso, chimanena momveka bwino kuti "ndalama zoyenera zamabizinesi zidzakwera ndi 20%". Kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo uku kumapangidwa makamaka ndi magawo atatu:
- Ndalama Zoyesa ndi Kufufuza: Zitsanzo zoyezetsa ma laboratories osankhidwa a BIS (ndalama zoyesa chida chimodzi ndi pafupifupi madola 500-1,500 aku US, kutengera mtundu wa zida) komanso chindapusa chowunikira fakitale (ndalama zowunikira kamodzi ndi pafupifupi madola 3,000-5,000 aku US). Gawo ili la chindapusa ndi pafupifupi 60% ya kuchuluka kwa mtengo wonse.
- Ndalama Zosinthira Zida: Zina mwa zida zomwe kampaniyo zidalipo sizingakwaniritse miyezo ya IS 14660 ndi IS 15850 (mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa zida zoteteza chitetezo, makina amagetsi osagwirizana ndi miyezo yamagetsi yaku India), zomwe zimafunikira kusinthidwa kwaukadaulo. Mtengo wosinthira umakhala pafupifupi 30% ya kuchuluka kwa mtengo wonse.
- Ndondomeko ndi Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito: Mabizinesi amayenera kukonza antchito apadera kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito yopereka ziphaso, kukonza zida, komanso kugwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, angafunikire kulemba ntchito mabungwe alangizi apafupi kuti awathandize (makamaka mabizinesi akunja). Gawo ili la mtengo wobisika limawerengera pafupifupi 10% ya kuchuluka kwa mtengo wonse.
II. Mbiri ndi Zolinga za Ndondomekoyi
Kukhazikitsa kwa India kwa chiphaso chovomerezeka cha BIS pamakina a nsalu sichongochitika kwakanthawi koma pulani yanthawi yayitali yotengera zosowa zamakampani akumaloko komanso zolinga zoyang'anira msika. Zolinga zazikulu ndi zolinga zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule mu mfundo zitatu:
1. Yang'anirani Msika Wamakina a Zida Zam'deralo ndikuchotsa Zida Zochepa
M'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani opanga nsalu ku India apita patsogolo mwachangu (mtengo wotuluka mumakampani opanga nsalu ku India unali pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni 150 aku US mu 2023, zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi 2% ya GDP). Komabe, pali makina ambiri ansalu otsika kwambiri omwe samakwaniritsa miyezo pamsika wamba. Zida zina zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja zimakhala ndi zoopsa zomwe zingawononge chitetezo (monga kulephera kwa magetsi kumayambitsa moto, kusowa kwa chitetezo cha makina komwe kumayambitsa kuvulala kokhudzana ndi ntchito) chifukwa cha kusowa kwa miyezo yogwirizana, pamene zipangizo zina zopangidwa ndi mafakitale ang'onoang'ono a m'deralo zimakhala ndi mavuto monga kubwerera m'mbuyo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Kupyolera mu chiphaso chovomerezeka cha BIS, India ikhoza kuyang'ana zida zapamwamba zomwe zimagwirizana ndi miyezo, kuchotsa pang'onopang'ono zinthu zotsika kwambiri komanso zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndikuwongolera chitetezo chamakampani opanga nsalu.
2. Tetezani Opanga Makina Opangira Zida Zam'deralo ndikuchepetsa Kudalira Kwawo
Ngakhale India ndi dziko lalikulu la nsalu, mphamvu zake zodzipangira zokha zamakina a nsalu ndizochepa. Pakalipano, chiwerengero chodzikwanira cha makina opangira nsalu ku India ndi pafupifupi 40%, ndipo 60% imadalira zogulitsa kunja (zomwe China imakhala pafupifupi 35%, ndipo Germany ndi Italy zimakhala pafupifupi 25%). Pokhazikitsa malire a BIS certification, mabizinesi akunja amayenera kuyika ndalama zowonjezera pakusintha zida ndi ziphaso, pomwe mabizinesi am'deralo amadziwa bwino miyezo ya ku India ndipo amatha kusintha malinga ndi mfundozo mwachangu. Izi zimachepetsa kudalira kwa msika waku India pazida zomwe zatumizidwa kunja ndikupanga malo otukuka amakampani opanga nsalu.
3. Gwirizanani ndi Msika Wapadziko Lonse ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Kupikisana kwa Zida Zaku India
Pakalipano, msika wapadziko lonse wa nsalu uli ndi zofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa mankhwala, ndipo mtundu wa makina a nsalu umakhudza mwachindunji kukhazikika kwa nsalu ndi zovala. Pokhazikitsa chiphaso cha BIS, India imagwirizanitsa miyezo yapamwamba yamakina opangira nsalu ndi gawo lalikulu lapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zingathandize mabizinesi am'deralo kupanga zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ogula apadziko lonse lapansi, potero kupititsa patsogolo kupikisana kwa nsalu zaku India pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo, nsalu zotumizidwa ku EU ndi US zikuyenera kukwaniritsa zolimba ndi chitetezo).
III. Zotsatira pa Global and Chinese Textile Machinery Enterprises
Ndondomekoyi imakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pamagulu osiyanasiyana. Mwa iwo, mabizinesi otumiza kunja akunja (makamaka mabizinesi aku China) amakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu, pomwe mabizinesi aku India aku India komanso mabizinesi akumayiko akunja atha kupeza mwayi watsopano.
1. Kwa Mabizinesi Otumiza Kumayiko Akunja: Kukwera Mtengo Kwakanthawi kochepa komanso Kufikira Kwambiri
Kwa mabizinesi ochokera kumaiko akuluakulu opangira nsalu monga China, Germany, ndi Italy, zotsatira zake mwachindunji ndikukwera kwamitengo kwakanthawi kochepa komanso zovuta zopeza msika:
- Mbali ya Mtengo: Monga tanenera kale, ndalama zokhudzana ndi certification zimakwera ndi 20%. Ngati bizinesi ili ndi sikelo yayikulu yotumiza kunja (mwachitsanzo, kutumiza makina oluka 100 ku India pachaka), mtengo wake wapachaka udzakwera ndi mazana masauzande a madola aku US.
- Mbali ya Nthawi: Kuzungulira kwa certification kwa miyezi itatu kungayambitse kuchedwa pakutumiza. Ngati bizinesi ikalephera kumaliza chiphaso pa Ogasiti 28, sidzatha kutumiza kwa makasitomala aku India, mwina akukumana ndi chiwopsezo chakuphwanya malamulo.
- Mbali Yampikisano: Mabizinesi ena ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati akunja atha kukakamizidwa kuchoka kumsika waku India chifukwa cholephera kupirira mtengo wa ziphaso kapena kukonza zida mwachangu, ndipo gawo lamsika lidzakhazikika m'mabizinesi akulu omwe ali ndi kuthekera kotsatira.
Kutengera China mwachitsanzo, China ndiye gwero lalikulu kwambiri la makina opangira nsalu ochokera kunja ku India. Mu 2023, China idatumiza makina ansalu kupita ku India pafupifupi $ 1.8 biliyoni yaku US. Ndondomekoyi ikhudza msika wogulitsa kunja wa pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya madola aku US, kuphatikiza mabizinesi opitilira 200 aku China opanga nsalu.
2. Kwa Makampani Amtundu Waku India Textile Machinery: Nthawi Yogawira Ndondomeko
Mabizinesi aku India opangira nsalu (monga Lakshmi Machine Works ndi Premier Textile Machinery) ndi omwe adzapindule mwachindunji ndi ndondomekoyi:
- Ubwino Wampikisano Wodziwika: Mabizinesi am'deralo amazolowera kwambiri miyezo ya IS ndipo amatha kumaliza ziphaso mwachangu popanda kunyamula ndalama zowonjezera zamayendedwe odutsa malire ndi zowerengera zakunja kwa mabizinesi akunja, motero amakhala ndi zabwino zambiri pampikisano wamitengo.
- Kutulutsidwa Kwa Kufunika Kwa Msika: Mabizinesi ena opangira nsalu aku India omwe poyambilira amadalira zida zotumizidwa kunja atha kusintha kugula zida zomwe zikugwirizana ndi komweko chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa chiphaso cha zida zomwe zatumizidwa kunja kapena kukwera mtengo, zomwe zikuyendetsa kukula kwa mabizinesi am'deralo.
- Kulimbikitsa Kukweza Kwaukadaulo: Ndondomekoyi idzakakamizanso mabizinesi am'deralo kukonza luso la zida kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zapamwamba, zomwe zimathandizira kukweza kwamakampani akumaloko pakapita nthawi.
3. Kwa Makampani Opangira Zovala ku India: Zowawa Zanthawi Yaifupi Ndi Ubwino Wanthawi Yaitali Zimagwirizana
Kwa mabizinesi aku India opangira nsalu (mwachitsanzo, ogula makina ansalu), zotsatira za mfundoyi zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a "kupanikizika kwakanthawi kochepa + phindu lanthawi yayitali":
- Kupanikizika Kwakanthawi: Pasanathe Ogasiti 28, ngati mabizinesi alephera kugula zida zovomerezeka, amatha kukumana ndi zovuta monga kuyimilira pakukonzanso zida komanso kuchedwa kwa mapulani opanga. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wogula wa zida zovomerezeka umakwera (monga mabizinesi amakina amadutsa mtengo wa certification), zomwe zidzakulitsa kukakamiza kwa mabizinesi.
- Ubwino Wanthawi Yaitali: Pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimagwirizana ndi miyezo ya BIS, mabizinesi adzakhala atawongolera chitetezo chopanga (kuchepetsa ngozi zokhudzana ndi ntchito), kutsika kwa zida zolephereka (kuchepetsa kutayika kwanthawi yayitali), komanso kukhazikika kwamtundu wazinthu (kupititsa patsogolo kukhutira kwamakasitomala). M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi zidzachepetsa mtengo wokwanira wopanga komanso kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wamabizinesi.
IV. Malingaliro amakampani
Poyankha mfundo za certification za BIS zaku India, mabungwe osiyanasiyana akuyenera kupanga njira zoyankhira potengera momwe alili kuti achepetse zoopsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi.
1. Mabizinesi Otumiza Kumayiko Akunja: Gwirani Nthawi, Chepetsani Mtengo, ndi Kulimbitsa Kutsatira
- Limbikitsani Njira Yotsimikizira: Ndibwino kuti mabizinesi omwe sanayambitse ziphaso nthawi yomweyo akhazikitse gulu lapadera kuti lilumikizane ndi ma labotale osankhidwa a BIS ndi mabungwe am'deralo (monga mabungwe aku India omwe amapereka ziphaso) kuti aziyika patsogolo ziphaso zazinthu zazikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ziphaso zapezedwa pasanafike Ogasiti 28.
- Konzani Mapangidwe a Mtengo: Chepetsani mtengo wokhudzana ndi certification pogwiritsa ntchito kuyezetsa batch (kuchepetsa mtengo woyeserera pagawo lililonse), kukambirana ndi ogulitsa kuti mugawane ndalama zosinthira, ndikuwongolera njira yopangira. Nthawi yomweyo, mabizinesi amatha kukambirana ndi makasitomala aku India kuti asinthe mtengo wadongosolo ndikugawana gawo lazovuta zamtengo.
- Kukhazikitsa Kwadongosolo Patsogolo: Kwa mabizinesi omwe akukonzekera kulima mozama msika waku India pakapita nthawi, atha kuganizira zokhazikitsa malo ochitira misonkhano ku India kapena kugwirizana ndi mabizinesi akomweko kuti apange. Izi zitha kupewa zina zofunika paziphaso za zida zomwe zatumizidwa kunja kwina, ndikuchepetsa msonkho wamakasitomala ndi ndalama zoyendera mbali inayo, potero kukulitsa mpikisano wamsika.
2. Makampani Opangira Makina Opangira Zovala ku India: Gwirani Ntchito Mwayi, Sinthani Zaukadaulo, ndikukulitsa Msika
- Wonjezerani Malo Osungiramo Mphamvu Zopangira: Potengera kukula kwa madongosolo, konzani nthawi yopangiratu pasadakhale, tsimikizirani zopangira zokwanira, ndipo pewani kusowa kwa mwayi wamsika chifukwa chakusakwanira kupanga.
- Limbikitsani R&D Yaukadaulo: Pamaziko okwaniritsa miyezo ya IS, pitilizani kuwongolera zida zanzeru komanso zopulumutsa mphamvu (monga kupanga makina oluka anzeru ndi makina opeta osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa) kuti apange mwayi wopikisana nawo.
- Wonjezerani Makasitomala: Lumikizanani mwachangu ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe adagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zidatumizidwa kunja, perekani mayankho osinthira zida ndi chithandizo chapambuyo pakugulitsa, ndikukulitsa gawo la msika.
3. Indian Textile Enterprises: Konzani Poyambirira, Konzani Zosankha Zambiri, ndi Kuchepetsa Zowopsa
- Onani Zida Zomwe Zilipo: Onetsetsani nthawi yomweyo ngati zida zomwe zilipo zikukwaniritsa miyezo ya BIS. Ngati sichoncho, dongosolo losinthira zida liyenera kupangidwa pasanafike Ogasiti 28 kuti zisakhudze kupanga.
- Njira Zogulitsira Zosiyanasiyana: Kuphatikiza pa omwe adatumizidwa kunja, kulumikizana ndi mabizinesi am'makina aku India kuti akhazikitse njira ziwiri zogulira za "kulowetsa + kwanuko" kuti muchepetse chiwopsezo cha njira imodzi.
- Mitengo Yotsekera ndi Mabizinesi Amakina: Mukasaina mapangano ogula, fotokozani momveka bwino njira yobweretsera ndalama za certification ndi njira yosinthira mitengo kuti mupewe mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa chokwera mtengo.
V. Tsogolo la Ndondomekoyi
Malinga ndi momwe makampani aku India akugwirira ntchito, kukhazikitsa kwa India satifiketi ya BIS pamakina opangira nsalu kungakhale gawo loyamba la "ndondomeko yokweza makampani opanga nsalu". M'tsogolomu, dziko la India likhoza kukulitsa gulu la makina opangira nsalu malinga ndi chiphaso chovomerezeka (monga makina opota ndi makina osindikizira / opaka utoto) ndipo akhoza kukweza zofunikira (monga kuwonjezera chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi zizindikiro zanzeru). Kuphatikiza apo, momwe mgwirizano wa India ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu monga EU ndi US ukukulirakulira, dongosolo lake lokhazikika limatha kuzindikirika pang'onopang'ono ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga kuvomerezana ndi chiphaso cha EU CE), zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wamakina opanga nsalu pamapeto pake.
Kwa mabizinesi onse ofunikira, "kutsata" kuyenera kuphatikizidwa mukukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali m'malo moyankha kwakanthawi kochepa. Pokhapokha potengera zomwe msika womwe ukufunidwa pasadakhale pomwe mabizinesi angasungire zabwino zawo pampikisano womwe ukukulirakulira wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-20-2025