Kutulutsidwa kwaposachedwa kwa lingaliro latsopano la EU loletsa per- ndi polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mu nsalu kwachititsa chidwi kwambiri pamakampani opanga nsalu padziko lonse lapansi. Lingaliroli silimangolimbitsa malire otsalira a PFAS komanso limakulitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayendetsedwa. Izi zikuyembekezeka kukhudza kwambiri malonda aku China ku EU. Monga wogulitsa wamkulu wa nsalu ku EU, China imatumiza € 12.7 biliyoni pachaka ku EU. Makampani ogwirizana ayenera kukonzekera pasadakhale kuti achepetse zoopsa zamalonda.
I. Zomwe zili mu Pempholi: Kulimbitsa Malire "Monga Thanthwe" ndi Kukulitsa Kwambiri kwa Kufalikira
Lingaliro latsopanoli la EU PFAS loletsa zoletsa limapitilira kusintha kosavuta kwa miyezo; m'malo mwake, zikuyimira kupambana mu mphamvu zonse zowongolera komanso kuchuluka kwa kufalikira, kupitilira malamulo am'mbuyomu.
1. Malire atsitsidwa kuchokera ku 50ppm kufika ku 1ppm, ndikuwonjezera kukakamiza nthawi 50.
PFAS, chifukwa cha madzi, mafuta, ndi zinthu zolimbana ndi madontho, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzovala monga zovala zakunja, zovala zamasewera, ndi nsalu zapakhomo (monga matiresi osalowa madzi ndi makatani osapaka utoto). Malire am'mbuyomu a EU a PFAS muzovala anali 50ppm (magawo 50 pa miliyoni), koma lingaliro latsopanoli limachepetsa malirewo mpaka 1ppm, zomwe zimafuna kuti zotsalira za PFAS mu nsalu zizisungidwa mpaka "pafupi ndi zero".
Kusintha uku kukuwonetsa nkhawa za EU pazangozi zachilengedwe ndi thanzi la PFAS. PFAS, yomwe imadziwika kuti "mankhwala osatha," ndizovuta kuwononga chilengedwe ndipo imatha kudziunjikira muzakudya, zomwe zitha kuvulaza dongosolo la endocrine laumunthu ndi chitetezo chamthupi. EU yakhala ikulimbikitsa njira ya "PFAS-free environment" m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo kukhwimitsa malire a nsalu ndikukhazikitsa kwakukulu kwa njirayi mu gawo la ogula.
2. Kuphimba Magawo Onse, Opanda Zovala Zosatulutsidwa
Lingaliro latsopanoli likuphwanya ulamuliro wam'mbuyo wa EU "ochepa" wa PFAS muzovala, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuwongolera kuchokera ku "nsalu zina zogwirira ntchito" mpaka pafupifupi magulu onse a nsalu:
Zovala: kuphatikiza zovala zakunja, zamasewera, zobvala za ana, zovala zovomerezeka, zamkati, ndi zina;
Zovala Zanyumba:kuphimba matiresi, mapepala, makatani, makapeti, mapilo, ndi zina zotero;
Zovala Zamakampani:monga matenti osalowa madzi, zotchingira dzuwa, ndi nsalu zoteteza kuchipatala.
Chokhacho ndi "nsalu zoyambira zopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachilengedwe popanda chithandizo chilichonse" (monga nsalu zosadayidwa, zosapakidwa zoyera za cotton greige). Komabe, zinthuzi zimakhala ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri lazogulitsa kunja ku EU, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nsalu zaku China zomwe zimatumizidwa ku EU kudzakhala pansi pa ulamuliro.
3. Chotsani Nthawi Yanthawi: Pambuyo pa masiku 60 a ndemanga za anthu, lamuloli liyenera kugwira ntchito mu 2026.
Lingaliroli lalowa mu nthawi yopereka ndemanga za anthu, yomwe ikhala masiku 60 (kuyambira tsiku lomwe idasindikizidwa) ndipo cholinga chake ndikutenga mayankho kuchokera kumayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU, mabungwe azamakampani, mabizinesi, ndi anthu. Potengera momwe EU idakhazikitsira mfundo za chilengedwe m'mbuyomu, malingaliro otere sasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa ndemanga za anthu. Ntchito zamalamulo akuyembekezeka kumalizidwa kumapeto kwa 2025, ndikukhazikitsidwa mwalamulo mu 2026.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti makampani opanga nsalu aku China amangokhala ndi "nthawi ya buffer" pafupifupi chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, pomwe amayenera kumaliza kukweza kwaukadaulo, kusintha maunyolo awo, ndikuwongolera njira zawo zoyesera. Kupanda kutero, amakhala pachiwopsezo chotsekeredwa katundu wawo, kubwezedwa, kapena ngakhale kulipitsidwa chindapusa ndi miyambo ya EU.
II. Kukhudzika Kwachindunji pa Malonda Akunja a Zida Zakunja ku China: Msika Wotumiza Mabiliyoni Okwana € 12.7 Biliyoni Ukumana ndi "Kuyesa Kutsatira"
China ndiye gwero lalikulu kwambiri lazovala ku EU. Mu 2024, nsalu zaku China zomwe zidatumizidwa ku EU zidafika 12.7 biliyoni (pafupifupi RMB 98 biliyoni), zomwe zidatenga 23% yazogulitsa kunja kwa EU. Izi zikuphatikiza makampani opitilira 20,000 otumiza kunja, kuphatikiza zigawo zazikulu zotumizira nsalu monga Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, ndi Fujian. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro latsopanoli kudzakhudza mwachindunji makampani aku China potengera ndalama, madongosolo, ndi unyolo.
1. Kuwonjeza kwambiri kwamitengo yamitengo: Kusintha kwa njira zopanda fluorine komanso kuyesa kwapadera ndizokwera mtengo.
Kwa makampani aku China, kukwaniritsa malire a 1ppm kumaphatikizapo ndalama ziwiri zofunika:
Ndalama zosinthira matekinoloje: Njira zachikhalidwe zokhala ndi fluorine (monga zogwiritsa ntchito zothamangitsira madzi zomwe zili ndi fluorine) ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi njira zopanda fluorine. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugula zinthu zothamangitsira madzi zopanda fluorine, kusintha njira zopangira (monga kutentha kwa kuphika ndi njira zopaka utoto), ndi kukweza zida. Mwachitsanzo, kwa kampani ya nsalu yapakatikati yomwe imatumiza kunja pachaka ku EU $ 10 miliyoni, mtengo wogula wothandizira wopanda fluorine wokha ungakhale 30% -50% kuposa othandizira achikhalidwe, ndipo ndalama zosinthira zida zikuyembekezeka kufika ma yuan mamiliyoni angapo.
Kuchulukitsa mitengo yoyesera: EU imafuna kuti nsalu zidutse "zoyesa zenizeni za PFAS" zisanatumizedwe, ndipo lipotilo liyenera kuperekedwa ndi bungwe loyesa lachitatu lovomerezedwa ndi EU. Pakadali pano, mtengo wa mayeso amodzi a PFAS ndi pafupifupi € 800-1,500 pa batch. M'mbuyomu, pansi pa malire a 50ppm, makampani ambiri amangofunika kuchita cheke. Ndi lingaliro latsopanoli, kuyezetsa batch-ndi-batch kudzafunika. Kwa kampani yomwe imatumiza magulu 100 pachaka, ndalama zoyesa pachaka zidzakwera ndi €80,000-150,000 (pafupifupi RMB 620,000-1.17 miliyoni).
2. Chiwopsezo Chowonjezereka cha Maoda: Ogula a EU Atha Kusamukila Kuma Suppliers a Pre-screening
Mitundu ya EU (monga ZARA, H&M, ndi Uniqlo Europe) ili ndi zofunika kwambiri pakutsata kwa chain chain. Kutsatira kutulutsidwa kwa lingaliro latsopanoli, ogula ena a EU ayamba kusintha njira zawo zopezera ndalama:
Otsatsa aku China akuyenera kupereka "chiphaso chaulere cha fluorine" ndi "malipoti oyesa a PFAS" pasadakhale, osawaphatikiza pazogula.
Pokhudzidwa ndi ngozi zotsatiridwa, ma brand ena ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati achepetsa kugulitsa mwachindunji kuchokera ku China ndipo akusintha kupita kwa ogulitsa ku EU kapena mayiko aku Southeast Asia (monga Vietnam ndi Bangladesh). Ngakhale makampani aku Southeast Asia amakumananso ndi zovuta zaukadaulo, ogula a EU amakonda "kuwongolera komweko."
Kwa makampani ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati a nsalu zaku China, kulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakutsata kungayambitse kutayika kwa maoda. Makampani akuluakulu, ngakhale angakwanitse kulipira ndalama zokonzanso, adzafunikanso kukambirana zamitengo ndi ogula a EU, ndikufinya phindu lawo.
3. Kuopsa kochulukirachulukira kwa kasitomu: Katundu wosatsata malamulo adzatsekeredwa m'ndende ndikubwezedwa.
Miyambo ya EU idzakhala "wotsogolera" wa lingaliro latsopanoli. Ikakhazikitsidwa, miyambo ya mayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU idzalimbitsa kusanja kwa PFAS ndikuyesa nsalu zomwe zatumizidwa kunja. Zomwe zili mu PFAS zopitilira 1 ppm zipangitsa kuti atsekedwe pamalopo, ndipo makampani adzafunika kupereka malipoti owonjezera oyesa pakanthawi kochepa. Ngati kusatsatira kutsimikiziridwa, katunduyo adzabwezeredwa mokakamiza, ndipo kampaniyo ikhoza kuikidwa pa "mndandanda wowunikira patsogolo" wa EU Customs, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuyendera kwa katundu wotumizidwa kumayiko ena kupitilira 50%.
Malamulo am'mbuyomu a EU azachilengedwe pazansalu (monga REACH ndi zoletsa za utoto wa azo) adapangitsa kale makampani ena aku China kuyang'anizana ndi kukana kutumiza chifukwa chosamvera. Ndi malire atsopano, okhwima a PFAS, chiwopsezo cha kukanidwa chikuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles and Apparel, kubwezeredwa kwa nsalu zaku China ku EU chifukwa cha kutsata zachilengedwe kudzakhala pafupifupi 1.2% mu 2024. Mlingo uwu ukhoza kupitirira 3% pambuyo pa ndondomeko yatsopanoyi.
III. Njira Yoyankhira Makampani Opangira Zovala ku China: Kuchokera ku "Reactive Compliance" kupita ku "Proactive Breakthrough"
Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta za lingaliro latsopano la EU, makampani opanga nsalu aku China akuyenera kusiya malingaliro "akanthawi kwakanthawi" m'malo mwake apangitse kuthekera kotsatira kwanthawi yayitali paukadaulo, mayendedwe azinthu, ndi kukula kwa msika, ndikusintha "ndalama zoyendera" kukhala "zabwino zopikisana."
1. Tekinoloje: Fulumirani m'malo mwa njira zopanda fluorine kuti mutenge "teknoloji yobiriwira" pamtunda wapamwamba.
Njira zopanda fluorine ndizofunikira kukwaniritsa malire a EU. Makampani amatha kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwaukadaulo m'njira ziwiri:
Yang'anirani kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zopanda fluorine zomwe zatsimikiziridwa: Zogulitsa zopanda fluorine zilipo pamsika zomwe zingalowe m'malo othamangitsira madzi okhala ndi fluorine, monga zopangira madzi opangira zomera ndi zokutira za polyurethane zamadzi. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa ndi okwera mtengo, kukhazikika kwawo kwaukadaulo kwatsimikiziridwa (mwachitsanzo, opanga masewera monga Anta ndi Li Ning atengera kale njira zothamangitsira madzi opanda fluorine pazovala zawo zakunja).
Gwirizanani ndi mabungwe ofufuza kuti mupange matekinoloje otsika mtengo: Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati atha kugwirizana ndi mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ofufuza zamakampani (monga China Textile Science Academy) kuti achite "kafukufuku wochepetsera mtengo wopanda fulorini." Mwachitsanzo, pakukhathamiritsa zowonjezera zowonjezera ndikuwongolera njira zopangira, mtengo wamagulu azinthu zopanda fluorine ukhoza kuchepetsedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, makampani amatha kuyang'ana njira ya "ulusi wachilengedwe + wowongolera magwiridwe antchito" - mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachilengedwe zothana ndi mabakiteriya komanso zoyamwa chinyezi za fulakesi ndi ulusi wansungwi kuti muchepetse kudalira zowonjezera za PFAS. Izi, zimapangitsanso malo ogulitsa "zachilengedwe + okonda zachilengedwe" kuti apititse patsogolo chidwi cha malonda kwa ogula a EU.
2. Supply Chain: Khazikitsani "Full-Chain Traceability" ndi Kutseka Mwadala Njira Zoyesera
Kutsatiridwa si nkhani ya "mbali yopanga"; iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamtundu wonse wazinthu:
Upstream Raw Material Control: Saina "Mapangano Aulere a PFAS" ndi ogulitsa nsalu ndi opanga zowonjezera, zomwe zimafuna makampani akumtunda kuti apereke malipoti oyesa a PFAS pazopangira zawo kuti athetse kuipitsidwa komwe kumachokera;
Kuwunika Njira Yopangira Midstream: Khazikitsani "PFAS Control Points" mkati mwa msonkhano wopanga, monga kuyesa pafupipafupi milingo yotsalira m'matangi opaka utoto ndi zida zokutira kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa;
Kuyesa Kwambiri Kutsika: Pewani kudalira "kuyesedwa pambuyo" ndi miyambo ya EU. M'malo mwake, perekani mabungwe oyesa apanyumba, ovomerezeka ndi EU (monga SGS China ndi EUROLAB China) kuti aziyesa mwapadera za PFAS katundu asanatumizidwe. Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti malipotiwo akugwirizana ndi miyezo ya EU ndikuchepetsa ziwopsezo za chilolezo cha kasitomu.
3. Msika: Sinthani ndi Yesetsani Kupeza "Compliance Premium"
Poyang'anizana ndi kukakamizidwa kutsata msika wa EU, makampani atha kutengera njira ziwiri:
Wonjezerani misika yomwe si ya EU kuti musinthe zoopsa zosiyanasiyana: Wonjezerani kuyesetsa kufufuza misika yomwe ikubwera monga Southeast Asia, Middle East, ndi South America. Misika iyi pakadali pano ili ndi malamulo otayirira pa PFAS (mwachitsanzo, Brazil ndi India sizinaperekebe malire a PFAS pazovala), zomwe zitha kukhala "zothandizira" pamsika wa EU;
Yesetsani kupeza “Compliance Premium” kuchokera kwa ogula a EU: Fotokozerani mwachangu mitengo yowonjezereka ya njira zopanda fluorine kwa eni amtundu wa EU ndikukambirana zamitengo yokwera. M'malo mwake, ogula a EU ali okonzeka kulipira "zinthu zokomera zachilengedwe." Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa European Consumers Association, nsalu zolembedwa kuti "PFAS-free" zitha kulamula 10% -15% premium. Makampani atha kuwongolera mitengo mwa kutsindika "makhalidwe awo achilengedwe".
IV. Thandizo la Makampani ndi Ndondomeko: Kuchepetsa Zolemetsa ndi Kupatsa Mphamvu Mabizinesi
Kuphatikiza pa mayankho amabizinesi omwe, mabungwe azamakampani ndi madipatimenti aboma akuthandiziranso mabizinesi aku China akunja a nsalu:
Mabungwe amakampani akukhazikitsa "njira yoyankhira ndi kulankhulana": China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles and Apparel yakonza "Misonkhano Yomasulira ya EU New PFAS Proposal Interpretation," ikuyitanitsa maloya ndi akatswiri oyesa kuti ayankhe mafunso kuchokera kumabizinesi. Akukonzekeranso kukhazikitsa "laibulale yogawana ukadaulo wopanda fluorine" kuti athandize mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati kuti achepetse zopinga zaukadaulo kuti alowe.
Maboma am'deralo akupereka "thandizo lakusintha kwaukadaulo": Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, ndi zigawo zina zaphatikiza "kusintha kwa nsalu zopanda fluorine" m'malamulo awo othandizira malonda akunja. Mabizinesi atha kulembetsa kuti athandizidwe mpaka 30% yamitengo yosinthira ukadaulo ndikusangalala ndi ndalama zochepetsera zoyesa.
Unduna wa Zamalonda ukulimbikitsa "China-EU Standards Dialogue": Unduna wa Zamalonda wapereka zofunikira zamabizinesi aku China ku EU kudzera mu njira ya China-EU Joint Economic and Trade Committee, ndipo ikuyesetsa kukhazikitsa "nthawi yosinthira" pempholi litayamba kugwira ntchito kuti apereke mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati ndi nthawi yochulukirapo kuti asinthe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-18-2025